The Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment - 1494 Words

In this paper I will defend both the proponents and principles of the utilitarian theory of punishment, namely addressing the utilitarian approach juxtaposed with the retributive. Before beginning to make claims in any direction, a brief and to-date synopsis of the utilitarian fundamentals regarding punishment will be necessary. From there, I will present the utilitarian theories of punishment as not only the most useful for a society, but also the best representation of criminal law being carried out justly. Following this assertion I will refute objections made by retributivists, and in doing so present a discovered common ground between the retributory criteria for just punishment and the utilitarian theories. This will not serve to say I believe in impure retributivism over the utilitarian theories, but rather will act as testament to the practicality of the utilitarian approach. Finally, I will propose the most ethical response to criminality is found from the utilitarian fundam entals of societal well-being, mentioning specifically the vindictive theories of punishment as meeting the utilitarian criteria. To the utilitarian, punishment is not an end in itself for the actions of a wrongdoer. Utilitarians and I believe punishment should serve as a larger means to an end that will benefit the future while righting the criminal actions of the past by employing deterrence, rehabilitation, and the disablement of the unjust human in the perpetual attempt to increase overallShow MoreRelatedThe Retributive And Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment1478 Words   |  6 Pages Punishment is any kind of negative penalty inflicted on the wrong doer to prevent him from doing wrong in the future. Though there is no specific definition for punishment, it implies all those acts that are required to teach the wrong doer a lesson. Taking a negative step towards the offender. Since the evolution of time, there have been many sociologists who have given their theories on punishment and how the offender should be punished. The theories vary in terms of approach takenRead MoreUtilitarian Theory of Punishment in the Criminal Justice System763 Words   |  4 PagesThere is an ongoing problem in our society regarding punishment and responsibility. We, as a society, tend to look away when it comes to how criminals are being punished and maybe we should be paying more attention. Violence seems to be an integral part of our society, some raise their children with violence, we watch it on television, read it in newspapers and books and now we are even playin g violent video games. When it comes to the judicial system the majority of citizens do not even know howRead MoreRetributivism Vs Utilitarian Theory1730 Words   |  7 Pagesimmorally. A common response to immoral behavior is punishments, which leads me to ask the question: how is punishment justified? In his article â€Å"The Classic Debate†, American legal philosopher Joel Feinberg lays out the main points of discourse between the two major theories of justified punishment, which I will deconstruct. Feinberg asserts that there are two main theories used to justify punishment: Retributivism and Utilitarianism. These two theories supposedly oppose each other such that they areRead MoreThe Utilitarian Reasoning Of An Unbiased Manner1167 Words   |  5 Pages(Cohen and Ahn, 2016). The utilitarian reasoning process is hypothesized to be logical and controlled. The individual weighs the features that go into determining objective utility in an unbiased manner. Such reasonin g will lead to the objective utilitarian conclusion (Cohen and Ahn, 2016). Since this reasoning process requires the manipulation of information and is under cognitive control, it uses working memory and it often takes time (Cohen and Ahn, 2016). Cohen and Ahn (2016) argue thatRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1714 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, or the death penalty is the legally authorized death of an individual as punishment for a heinous crime, typically one that involves murder. The legality of it varies by state and it continues to be a contentious topic of discussion in the United States. Furthermore, in recent decades, public opinion has been shifting from a supportive stance to an unsupportive stance on the use of the death penalty. It is now perceived by most people to be an unethical, immoral, and expensiveRead MoreJustification And Justification Of The Penal System1171 Words   |  5 PagesPunishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is not asked for. Because justification of punishment, in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishm ent) that can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state. However, nobody enquires of the justification of legal system or of law in general. It isRead MoreReward and Punishment Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesour reward and punishment systems. Let’s take a look at how each of these is used in America. First we have reward. â€Å"Reward is one method of distributing on a fair and just basis the good we are concerned with† (Thiroux, and Krasemann 122). Reward is very desirable in many people eyes. We have the need to be rewarded for our efforts, whether it is at work or at home. There are two major theories that deal with how reward should be distributed which are retributivist and utilitarian. RetributivistRead MoreThe Ethics Of Care : An Argument Against Mill s Utilitarianism922 Words   |  4 PagesIn Support of Held’s Ethics of Care: An Argument Against Mill’s Utilitarianism in Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky This ethics study will define the problem of utilitarianism in the â€Å"ethics of care proposed by Virginia Held (2006) within the literary context of Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Held (2006) defines the problem of utilitarian ethics as an abstraction of emotions in moral issues, which alienates the individual in the care process. This method denies the premiseRead MoreConsequentialism, By John Stuart Mill Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesConsequentialism is a broad ethical theory that describes one s actions to be good or bad depending solely upon the consequences of those actions. The distinguishing element of this theory from others is that the action itself has no value without analyzing the expected consequences, as explained by William H. Shaw in â€Å"Consequentialism†, â€Å"...when it comes to rightness or wrongness, nothing matters but the results of our actions† (Shaw 28). Then the question is, what exactly does it mean for a consequenceRead M oreThe Function of Punishment Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesThe Function of Punishment Justice must not only be done but seen to be done. Most would agree with this statement - the wicked must surely be punished (or should they? - do two wrongs make a right?) but why is it so important that the punishment must be seen to be done? To the utilitarian the answer is simple - punishment must be witnessed in order to deter others from committing the same act. Thus, to a utilitarian the perception of punishment is seen as the main

The History of Bogota, Colombia

Santa Fe de Bogotà ¡ is the capital of Colombia. The city was founded by the Muisca people long before the arrival of the Spanish, who established their own city there. An important city during the colonial era, it was the seat of the Viceroy of New Granada. After independence, Bogota was the capital of first the Republic of New Granada and then Colombia. The city has occupied a central place in Colombias long and turbulent history. The Pre-Colombian Era Before the arrival of the Spanish into the region, the Muisca people lived on the plateau where modern-day Bogotà ¡ is located. The Muisca capital was a prosperous town called Muequetà ¡. From there, the King, referred to as the zipa, ruled the Muisca civilization in an uneasy alliance with the zaque, ruler of a nearby city on the site of present-day Tunja. The zaque was nominally subordinate to the zipa, but in fact the two rulers often clashed. At the time of the arrival of the Spanish in 1537 in the form of the Gonzalo Jimà ©nez de Quesada expedition, the zipa of Muequetà ¡ was named Bogotà ¡ and the zaque was Tunja: both men would give their names to the cities the Spanish founded on the ruins of their homes. The Conquest of the Muisca Quesada, who had been exploring overland from Santa Marta since 1536, arrived in January of 1537 at the head of 166 conquistadors. The invaders were able to take the zaque Tunja by surprise and easily made off with the treasures of that half of the kingdom of the Muisca. Zipa Bogotà ¡ proved more troublesome. The Muisca chief fought the Spanish for months, never accepting any of Quesadas offers to surrender. When Bogotà ¡ was killed in battle by a Spanish crossbow, the conquest of the Muisca was not long in coming. Quesada founded the city of Santa Fà © on the ruins of Muequetà ¡ on August 6, 1538. Bogotà ¡ in the Colonial Era For a number of reasons, Bogotà ¡ quickly became an important city in the region, which the Spanish referred to as New Granada. There was already some infrastructure in the city and plateau, the climate agreed with the Spanish and there were plenty of natives who could be forced to do all the work. On April 7, 1550, the city became a Real Audiencia, or Royal Audience: this means that it became an official outpost of the Spanish Empire and citizens could resolve legal disputes there. In 1553 the city became home to its first Archbishop. In 1717, New Granada - and Bogotà ¡ in particular - had grown enough that it was named a Viceroyalty, putting it on a par with Peru and Mexico. This was a big deal, as the Viceroy acted with all of the authority of the King himself and could make very important decisions alone without consulting Spain. Independence and the Patria Boba On July 20, 1810, patriots in Bogotà ¡ declared their independence by taking to the streets and demanding the Viceroy step down. This date is still celebrated as Colombias Independence Day. For the next five years or so, Creole patriots fought mainly among themselves, giving the era its nickname Patria Boba, or Foolish Homeland. Bogotà ¡ was retaken by the Spanish and a new Viceroy was installed, who initiated a reign of terror, tracking down and executing suspected patriots. Among them was Policarpa Salavarrieta, a young woman who passed information to the patriots. She was captured and executed in Bogotà ¡ in November 1817. Bogotà ¡ remained in Spanish hands until 1819, when Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Francisco de Paula Santander liberated the city following the decisive Battle of Boyacà ¡. Bolivar and Gran Colombia Following liberation in 1819, creoles set up a government for the Republic of Colombia. It would later be known as Gran Colombia to distinguish it politically from present-day Colombia. The capital moved from Angostura to Cà ºcuta and, in 1821, to Bogotà ¡. The nation included present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador. The nation was unwieldy, however: geographical obstacles made communication extremely difficult and by 1825 the republic began to fall apart. In 1828, Bolà ­var narrowly escaped an assassination attempt in Bogotà ¡: Santander himself was implicated. Venezuela and Ecuador separated from Colombia. In 1830, Antonio Josà © de Sucre and Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the only two men who might have saved the republic, both died, essentially putting an end to Gran Colombia. Republic of New Granada Bogotà ¡ became the capital of the Republic of New Granada, and Santander became its first president. The young republic was plagued by a number of serious problems. Due to the wars of independence and failure of Gran Colombia, the Republic of New Granada began its life deep in debt. Unemployment was high and a major bank crash in 1841 only made things worse. Civil strife was common: in 1833 the government was nearly toppled by a rebellion led by General Josà © Sardà ¡. In 1840 an all-out civil war broke out when General Josà © Marà ­a Obando tried to take over the government. Not all was bad: the people of Bogotà ¡ began printing books and newspapers with materials produced locally, the first  Daguerreotypes  in Bogotà ¡ were taken and a law unifying the currency used in the nation helped end confusion and uncertainty. The Thousand Days War Colombia was torn apart by a Civil War referred to as the  Thousand Days War  from 1899 to 1902. The war pitted liberals, who felt they had unfairly lost an election, against conservatives. During the war, Bogotà ¡ was firmly in the hands of the conservative government and although the fighting got close, Bogotà ¡ itself did not see any strife. Still, the people suffered as the country was in tatters after the war. The Bogotazo and La Violencia On April 9, 1948, presidential candidate Jorge Elià ©cer Gaità ¡n was gunned down outside of his office in Bogotà ¡. The people of Bogotà ¡, many of whom had seen him as a savior, went berserk, kicking off one of the worst riots in history. The  Bogotazo,  as it is known, lasted into the night, and government buildings, schools,  churches, and businesses were destroyed. Some 3,000 people were killed. Informal markets sprung up outside of town where people bought and sold stolen items. When the dust had finally settled, the city was in ruins. The Bogotazo is also the informal beginning of the period known as La Violencia, a ten-year reign of terror which saw paramilitary organizations sponsored by political parties and ideologies take to the streets at night, murdering and torturing their rivals. Bogotà ¡ and the Drug Lords During the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia was plagued by the twin evils of drug trafficking and revolutionaries. In Medellà ­n, legendary drug lord  Pablo Escobar  was by far the most powerful man in the country, running a billion-dollar industry. He had rivals in the Cali Cartel, however, and Bogotà ¡ was often the battleground as these cartels fought the government, the press and one another. In Bogotà ¡, journalists, policemen, politicians, judges, and ordinary citizens were murdered on a nearly daily basis. Among the dead in Bogotà ¡: Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, Minister of Justice  (April  1984), Hernando Baquero Borda, Supreme Court Judge  (August  1986) and Guillermo Cano, journalist  (December  1986). The M-19 Attacks The 19th of April Movement, known as the M-19, was a Colombian socialist revolutionary movement determined to overthrow the Colombian government. They were responsible for two infamous attacks in Bogotà ¡ in the 1980s. On February 27, 1980, the M-19 stormed the Embassy of the Dominican Republic, where a cocktail party was being held. Among those in attendance was the Ambassador of the United States. They held the  diplomats  hostage for 61 days before the standoff was settled. On November 6, 1985, 35 rebels of the M-19 assaulted the Palace of Justice, taking 300 hostages including judges, lawyers and others who worked there. The government decided to storm the palace: in a bloody shootout, more than 100 people were killed, including 11 of 21 Supreme Court Justices. The M-19 eventually disarmed and became a political party. Bogotà ¡ Today Today, Bogotà ¡ is a large, bustling, thriving city. Although it still suffers from many ills such as crime, it is much safer than in recent history: traffic is probably a worse daily problem for many of the citys seven million inhabitants. The city is a great place to visit, as it has a little of everything: shopping, fine dining, adventure sports and more. History buffs will want to check out  the July 20 Independence Museum  and  Colombias National Museum. Sources Bushnell, David.  The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself.  University of California Press, 1993.Lynch, John.  Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.Santos Molano, Enrique.  Colombia dà ­a a dà ­a: una cronologà ­a de 15,000 aà ±os.  Bogota: Planeta, 2009.Silverberg, Robert.  The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado. Athens: the Ohio University Press, 1985.

Why Is Modern Art Important - 918 Words

When you look at an artist artwork are your first thoughts the type of art painting is? Do you look at the artwork and automatically know the style and the time period the art comes from? Or are you the type of person that likes to read the information box underneath or alongside the artwork? If you were to ask me any of these questions this time last year, I probably wouldn’t really know and would tell you that I was the type of person that has to look at the information box. With me I always thought I wasn’t really into art, but I soon learned without certain artwork or artist a lot of things such as technology or films that we have now wouldn’t be accessible for us today. What made me realized this was taking both Intro to Humanities and Humanities 20th Century which allowed me to look at art in a different light. Not only has it done that, but taking those two courses has allowed me to understand why modern art was and will always be very important to us, the types of Modern Art that have been discovered, who and/or what works define Modern Art and lastly how Modern Art have been seen as an expression of its age. The form of modern art that stood out to me was Abstract Expressionism. Modern Art is so important because it has allowed us to have all of the modern technology, films, building, etc. that we admire so much. There are many different types of art style that could represent â€Å"modern art† a few examples would be Pop Art, Minimalism, International Styles etc. LikeShow MoreRelatedConceptual Art Essay690 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Post Modern – SAHT1102 Essay Question 2: - Using Examples, discuss why and how Conceptual artists set out to destroy or undermine the value of physical pleasure in art’s making and reception. Conceptual Art maybe defined as a concept or art movement that came about the 1960’s as a reaction towards formalism. Where in art theory, formalism is a concept where an artwork or piece’s entire artistic value is based purely on its form and visual aspects. For example, American essayist/art critic,Read MoreBuilding A Room Decorating Ideas1080 Words   |  5 PagesModern Room Decorating Ideas : How to Choose Wall Artwork Great art can elevate a space, bring together an interior house design and add interest to a room. Art work in your home can also communicate your style to your guests and speak to your personal experience. However, choosing art pieces for your home can be daunting when you have no experience in room design. Luckily, we have compiled a list of room decorating ideas that will help you choose the right artwork for your home and its many spacesRead MoreWhere do the Modern-Day Liberal Arts Originate?842 Words   |  3 Pagesis often asked: where do the modern day â€Å"liberal arts† come from? The liberal arts system originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, and was born in from certain questions queried by the unique philosophy evolved in Grecian culture. Questions of the human soul were raised: What is the good life? Is ethical truth relative to the culture from which it comes? Do people have free will? What is it for one event to cause another? Why are liberty and democ racy important? What constitutes life? WhatRead More Pop art was a direct response to the commercial and consumer society756 Words   |  4 PagesPop art was a direct response to the commercial and consumer society of modern time†. Explain why this might be true. 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Clark focuses more on the emergence of the new social class during this time, and how this affected theRead MoreRobert Rauschenberg And John Cage1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthey gradually replace the important role of human in the process of making and change the ways people live, started the fast pace, high speed of modern lifestyle. Modern art approached with a number of painter, sculptures, poets who individually or collectively to redefine throu gh around this century. The new art forms are creative world’s response to the perspective of the new lives and ideas provided by the industrialized and technological advances that results modern society to evolve itself inRead MorePablo Picasso s Influence On Art1070 Words   |  5 Pagesof art, and art movements Pablo Picasso is probably the most important figure of 20th century. That means Pablo Picasso conquered western art is by storm. Who became very famous before the age of 50.Born in Spain, he becomes the most well-known name in modern art, with his unique style and view for artistic creation. His art made a big impact on the art world and that had been no other artists, prior to Picasso. He had lots of following of fans and critics who like his creation. Even his art careerRead MoreThe Ultimate Aryan Race from the Nazis883 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War two the National Socialists went to great lengths to establish what they believed to be acceptable cultura l values of the German-ultimitaly Aryan race. Any modern artist was judged at the hand of the Third Reich and if they did not obide German policy, they were classified as degenerate and were banned from the ever-expanding Aryan Race. The lengths to which the national socialists went to, to degrade these artists, was unimaginable. They labeled proclaimed artworks as degenerateRead MoreEdgar Allan. Poe and H. L. Mencken’s Uses of Humor in Negative Reviews1120 Words   |  5 Pagesof people who would indulge themselves with them. However, Noà «l Carrol does not speak about the use of humor in arts criticism, for good or for bad. If we are to use Carrol’s definition of arts criticism, then we can’t judge the effectiveness of Poe and Mencken’s use of humor in criticism, or whether it belongs at all. The question, then, is if humor has a place in the world of arts criticism, and how effective it is at conveying the critic’s judgment and evaluation of the work. As Poe and MenckenRead MoreInfluence Of The Renaissance On Modern Europe1174 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Renaissance proved to be the most important event in shaping a modern Europe, with developments in education, class structure/order and social change issues, religion, building construction/use, Medici banking system, art and architecture, humanism, printing and the printing press, and the scientific and medical changes of the Islamic Renaissance. The changes in the development of education during the Renaissance begins to influence the shape of modern Europe. The beginning changes in education

Teacher Motivation - 6898 Words

Research Proposal Presented to the Gaduate School of UEW For the award of Mphil Educational leadership Teacher Motivation and Student Achievement in Senior High School By: Gordon Gyasi Yeboah Jnr Teacher Motivation and Student Achievement Senior High School Students ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 2011 Dissertation Author: Stephanie S Hayden Abstract: Motivation has been used to encourage teachers as well as students themselves to increase students academic performance. Although research on motivation is extensive, few researchers have examined teachers perceptions of teacher motivation and its impact on student achievement. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to identify how mathematics†¦show more content†¦................25 ii Teacher Motivation Impact on Student Achievement ................................................26 Performance Pay Primer for Teacher Motivation ......................................................34 Teacher Motivation and Work Environment ..............................................................37 Teacher Morale and Student Achievement ................................................................38 Teacher Effects and Impact on Student Achievement ...............................................44 Teacher Motivation and Student Achievement on Standardized Tests ......................47 Teacher Quality and Work Motivation .......................................................................51 Summary ........................................................................................................................55 Section 3: Methodology .....................................................................................................57 Introduction ....................................................................................................................55 Research Questions ........................................................................................................58 Rationale for Qualitative Tradition ................................................................................58 Rationale for Choosing a Phenomenological Study Method .........................................59 PopulationShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Motivation As A Teacher1512 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Motivation As explained by Lou Holtz, â€Å"[i]t’s not the load that breaks you down, it’s the way you carry it.† His statement is true for the importance of motivation. As a teacher candidate, learning the concept of motivation is crucial for my well-being and for the future of my students. The way that students are taught and encouraged have a huge impact on their careers and their life. In this paper I will be exploring how I was motivated during my earlier years and how the motivation shiftedRead MoreMy Motivation For Being A Teacher Essay1992 Words   |  8 PagesMy motivation for being a teacher comes from somewhere deep within my heart and soul. I love children. I love the look that comes across their faces when they finally grasp a concept after they have been trying to truly understand it. I had a lot of teachers that made an impact on me and I want to have the same impact on as many children as possible. My teachers installed a love of learning in me. There is no better profession than teaching for those who want to learn. One is learning just as muchRead MoreTeachers Can Promote Motivation Among Students1361 Words   |  6 PagesParkhill, 2012 p. 4). Previous research has supported the claim that teachers can promote motivation among their students regarding reading in middle and upper primary grades, when teachers select literature that involves a climax that is likely to peak the student’s interests and read aloud as a whole class setting (p. 9). Although several teachers and parents alike are not particular fans of students reading magazines, yet many teachers find magazines to be motivating for some students to read and makeRead MoreTeacher Motivation and Its Effect on the Academic Achievement of Kindergarten Children6095 Words   |  25 PagesFall 2011 Gender differences on Intrinsic Motivation in Hong Kong Higher Education Hon Keung Yau Man Shan Kan City University of Hong Kong Alison Lai Fong Cheng Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate if there are different levels of intrinsic motivation towards study, curiosity and external regulation among males and females. This study focuses are attained by conducting a survey (137 students) among a local university in Hong Kong. Results show that among all students, no matter malesRead MoreTeacher Expectations And Student s Motivation1313 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious responses given by the teachers. 10 teachers were selected from two schools and participated in the interviews were taken place. When asked the teacher’s what the outcome of their expectations are on the student’s motivation, five of the teachers responded by saying that they think that high expectations are important, because they thought that it will increase and have a bigger impact on the students. Three of the teachers responded in saying that teachers should not have expectations thatRead MoreThe Effects of Teacher Expectations on Students Motivation and Perform ance2472 Words   |  10 Pagesliterature review is to examine how teacher expectations have effects on students’ motivation and performance and, if so, how teachers can become better aware of their effects on students and how to improve them. 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As Falk (2000; cited in Norris-Holt, 2001) states that if learners aim to develop relationship with foreign friends or comprehend lyrics in popular song, which means that these learners are vastly encouraged by integrative motivation for learningRead MoreMotivation Of An Ideal Learning Environment1092 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation in Learning Most critics of today’s educational system blame the teachers and the schools for the lack of student engagement. They rarely implicate the students to assign blame. Could it be that learners today lack intrinsic motivation, something quite catastrophic? Motivation is a reason one has a general desire to do something. An ideal learning environment would consist on having students learning for a price, learning with a passion. Motivation is when someone, a youth, wantsRead MoreSocial And Emotional Development Of The Gifted1473 Words   |  6 Pagesthe same age. It is not uncommon for gifted students to be perfectionists. For many teachers, they are the dream students because they thrive on projects that will include all details and be revised and double-checked or sometimes even triple checked. They usually include all elements of what is being asked. This however can be a distinct source of stress to the students and both the parents and teachers. The child will begin to second guess all choices and question their self-worth. ThisRead MoreMotivation Among Boys And Girls Reading Achievement Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pages Motivation Among Boys’ and Girls’ Reading Achievement Megan Kalina ED 611 Western Oregon University 12/04/2016 Abstract In addition to phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension, motivation can be considered the sixth component to becoming a proficient reader. A student’s motivation in reading is a predictor for long term reading success. This review examined gender differences in regards to reading motivation based on gender, age, teacher’s perspectives

Do Less Blacks Than Their Fell Essay Example For Students

Do Less Blacks Than Their Fell Essay Do less blacks than their fellow white Americans use the web? According to the Pew Study on Internet Usage , the answer is yes, but this study is also quick to point out that its not merely color, its a mixture of things. However, according to Leonce Gaiter , author of Is the Web too Cool for Blacks, the web mocksour fundamental beliefs, our core desires. (p 643) Gaiter flatly states that the majority of white Americans have an ignorance for black culture. He does not take the time to address the other legitimate reasons accounting for the black deficiency, but continues to rattle on about prejudice and racism, not even stopping to document proper sources. Have morals and values changed in America and left blacks behind? According to Gaiter, the web cant help us achieve our 50s and 60s ideals (p 643). Blacks still want the traditional American Dream. Well, what is the traditional American Dream? Perhaps, the dream is to have a nice car and house, and a good job. But in contrast to Gaiter, I believe that these are the same things we want today. Nothing has changed except for the fact that entrepreneurs have emerged with the growth of the Web. People are finding ways to make money from avenues they never dreamed of. The American Dream as we know it has not vanished or been left behind, it has simply been revised to include family time and personal goals. Although racism has decreased in society today, it still is a threat to getting people on the Web. Nowadays, blacks are not the only one being discriminated against-its all minorities. In studies conducted, of the online community, only 23% are non-white. Because of this, non-whites are uncomfortable with the fact that they may converse with those who under normal circumstances would show prejudice against them. President Clinton stated that his goal was to have a computer in every home by the end of his term. But how many people will want to access the web if it is considered white? Gaiter stated that the web is considered white and therefore people stay away to avoid trouble, even if they are offered the opportunity. The only problem that Leonce Gaiter did not fully address is economics. With the amount of people on government assistance growing everyday, economics poses as a big problem. Studies have shown that of the majority of those who do not use the web at least 35% were at an economic disadvantage. How can this problem of economics be solved? One of the key answers is going to be to lower the price of computers and to make Web access cheap and accessible, so that everyone will have the opportunity to advance technologically. If this problem is taken care of, more blacks and other minorities will take advantage of the web. Everyone deserves the change to see what the web has to offer. When people can get past their differences and see the potential this has to offer, life will explode with possibilities!

Finance Option Pricing Application

Question: Discuss about the Finance for Option Pricing Application. Answer: Real Options Real option gives the holder the right to buy or sell the underlying assets on or before the date of expiration of that specific option. The payoffs of the real options must be contingent. The real option has the significant economic value when there is competition restriction in the contingency event and the presence of exclusivity makes the real option most valuable. There are three determinants of the real option value. They are value of the underlying assets, variance in that value and expected dividend on that assets. Black and Sholes model is an important aspect in this regard. Option Pricing Application Being static and not having any good job capturing ability are the limitations of traditional investment. There are three kind of options that can make an investment a bad investment and they are the option to delay, to take advantage of other opportunities and option to abandon. In the option to delay, the NPV is negative and the IRR is less than the hurdle rate. An unacceptable project can be made acceptable with the help of option to abandon. However, this needs to be weighted off against the abandonment value. Option Pricing Application in Capital Structure Decision Design of securities is the most direct application of the option pricing in capital structure. Valuation o flexibility is the other application of option pricing. In order to have the option of taking the future projects, a firm uses to maintain large cash balances and excess debts. The external debt capacity becomes useful when the external reinvestment needs exceeds the firms internal investment needs. The firms value will be increase than the present value if excess return is earned by the investment. The value of flexibility will be greater at the time of more unpredictable investment needs. Option Pricing Application in Valuation A troubled firms equity can be considered as the call option to liquidate the firm. The amount of equity in a firm is a residual claim. At the time of liquidation of the firm, the equity shareholders get the leftover of the firm after paying all the debts and financial claims of the others. There are two claim holders in a firm and they are the debt and the equity. Acquisition As per the financial managers, the long term benefits of the merger and acquisition cannot be seen by the market. Acquisition firms have more trouble creating value than the internal investment firms. The structurally wrong factors of acquisition are supported by the mistakes. There are seven mistakes or sins in the process of acquisition. They are Transference of Risk, Subsidies of Debt, Auto-Pilot Control, Elusive Synergy, Relativity, and Verdict first and Trail afterwards and its not the fault. Value Enhancement There are four ways to create or enhance the value. They are I) the increase in the cash flow by the existing assets, II) the increase in the expected growth rate in these cash flows, III) the extension in the high growth period to allow more years of high growth and IV) the reduction in the cost of capital.

Strengthening the Role of the Federal Government free essay sample

The roaring twenties was a time of fun and prosperity. Women started showing more skin, alcohol was heavily consumed, and the rich were becoming richer. This time however left Americans unprepared for what would happen in the 1930s. On October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed. The president at the time, Herbert Hoover, struggled with helping the nation. Like some previous presidents, he maintained the idea of laissez-faire. This idea, however failed to help the economy at the time. The people wanted a new president; and on March 4, 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt took office. Roosevelt tried to reform and restore the American economy saying, â€Å"All we have to fear is fear itself. † Roosevelt implemented his New Deal plan to assuage Americans ? from the plight of the Depression. His administration was very effective during the dark years of the Depression. The new programs and acts helped strengthen the role of the federal government. Roosevelt came into office with huge challenges to face. When elected into office, the unemployment rate was at about 12,000,000. (Doc. J) As soon as he was elected into office, Roosevelt ordered Congress to start implementing his programs and passing regulations. One of his goals was aimed at industrial and agricultural recovery. His plans consisted of The National Recovery Administration, which was FDR’s attempt to achieve economic advancement through planning and cooperation among the government, business, and labor. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration taxed food processors and gave the money to the farmers. Another one of his major goals was to relieve Americans. Unlike Hoover, he supported federal support to help the unemployed and destitute citizens. Placing Harry Hopkins in charge of the relief program, new agencies came about to help Americans avoid starvation and humiliating breadlines. One effort was the Civilian Conservation Corps, which enrolled young city men on relief to work on the nation’s public lands, cutting trails, planting trees, building bridges, and paving roads. This helped both to the families’ income and nation’s welfare. The Works Progress Administration was established to spend nearly $5 billion for emergency relief. This put the unemployed on the federal payroll so they could earn money to meet their basic needs and get Americans to become consumers again. He pictured that if he could get more people to be consumers again, businesses would start prospering, and the economy would flourish once again. Roosevelt is trying to explain that his changes and programs added were a type of evolution, moving the country forward, not a revolution, moving them backwards. (Doc. C) All the programs mentioned above gave Americans opportunities to get out of this despair time. His final goal was more radical then relief and recovery. The nation needed this more radical step, and Roosevelt responded by embracing a reform program that marked the climax of his New Deal. He was ready to take the edge off national dissent. His most significant reform enacted in 1935 was the Social Security reform. This was a permanent program that gave elderly over the age of 65 money so they could buy life’s essentials. They would receive this money ever month and were permitted to spend this money only 30 days after receiving the check. This forced them to become consumers and helped the elderly from starvation. (Doc. E) This act also gave federal grants to the states for welfare payments to the blind, handicapped, needy elderly, and dependent children. Another radical program was the Wagner Act, which outlawed a number of union-busting tactics and decreed that whenever the majority of a company’s workers voted for a union to represent them, management would be compelled to negotiate with the union on all matters of wages, hours, and working conditions. This led to the revitalization of the American labor movement and permanent change in labor-management relations. The role of the federal government dramatically changed from Hoover’s administration to Roosevelt’s. The government was heavily involved with these programs. It was strengthened and was given more powers due to the agencies that Roosevelt established. (Doc. H) But, Conservatives and the wealthy thought the government was a socialist or communist, because of their over-powering rule. They thought the New Deal would never work. (Doc. B) Some, such as Charles Evan Hughes, believed that the government interference was becoming too extreme. The invalid regulations of the poultry industry were an invalid use of Congress’ powers. Concluding that the NIRA was unconstitutional. (Doc. F) On the other hand, people saw the New Deal as both hindering and helping industrial activity. It helped the unemployed, but also took on too much power and created a larger debt for the national government. His growth of bureaucracy and spending were questionable. (Doc. D) Overall, Roosevelt really helped shape our nation during that dark time in our history. His numerous agencies and programs effectively helped the nation get back on track. The government gained more power. His New Deal did not exactly help save everyone, but it did create a positive starting point to get out of the debt. The New Deal did bring many positive things as mentioned above. FDR will forever be remembered as saving the nation under the Great Depression.

Kurds - A People Without A State Essays - , Term Papers

Kurds - A People Without a State Introduction Of all the ethnic groups in the world, the Kurds are one of the largest that has no state to call their own. According to historian William Westermann, "The Kurds can present a better claim to race purity...than any people which now inhabits Europe." (Bonner, p. 63, 1992) Over the past hundred years, the desire for an independent Kurdish state has created conflicts mainly with the Turkish and Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The history of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an analysis of the situation will be discussed in this paper. History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 million Kurds have a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (Hitchens, p. 36, 1992). It is this cultural difference between the groups that automatically creates the potential for conflict. Of the 25 million Kurds, approximately 10 million live in Turkey, four million in Iraq, five million in Iran, and a million in Syria, with the rest scattered throughout the rest of the world (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). The Kurds also have had a long history of conflict with these other ethnic groups in the Middle East, which we will now look at. The history of Kurds in the area actually began during ancient times. However, the desire for a Kurdish homeland did not begin until the early 1900's, around the time of World War I. In his Fourteen Points, President Woodrow Wilson promised the Kurds a sovereign state (Hitchens, p. 54, 1992). The formation of a Kurdish state was supposed to have been accomplished through the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 which said that the Kurds could have an independent state if they wanted one (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). With the formation of Turkey in 1923, Kemal Ataturk, the new Turkish President, threw out the treaty and denied the Kurds their own state. This was the beginning of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. At about this same time, the Kurds attempted to establish a semi-independent state, and actually succeeded in forming the Kingdom of Kurdiez, which lasted from 1922-1924; later, in 1946, some of the Kurds established the Mahabad Republic, which lasted for only one year (Prince, p. 17, 1993). In 1924, Turkey even passed a law banning the use of the Kurdish language in public places. Another group of people to consider is the Kurds living in Iraq. Major conflict between the Kurds and Iraqis did not really begin until 1961, when a war broke out that lasted until 1970. Around this time, Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq. In 1975, Hussein adopted a policy of eradicating the Kurds from his country. Over the next fifteen years, the Iraqi army bombed Kurdish villages, and poisoned the Kurds with cyanide and mustard gas (Hitchens, p. 46, 1992). It is estimated that during the 1980's, Iraqis destroyed some 5000 Kurdish villages (Prince, p. 22, 1993). From this point, we move into the recent history and current state of these conflicts between the Kurds and the Turks, and the Kurds against the Iraqis. Causes for Conflict The reasons for these conflicts have great relevance to geography. The areas of geography relating to these specific conflicts are a historical claim to territory on the part of the Kurds, cultural geography, economic geography, and political geography. These four areas of geography can best explain the reasons for these Kurdish conflicts. First, the Kurds have a valid historical claim to territory. They have lived in the area for over 2000 years. For this reason, they desire the establishment of a Kurdish homeland. Iraqis and Turks, while living in the area for a long period of time, cannot make a historical claim to that same area. The conflict arises, however, because the area happens to lie within the borders of Iraq and Turkey. Even though the Kurds claim is valid, the Turks and Iraqis have chosen to ignore it and have tried to wipe out the Kurds. Second, and probably most important, is that this conflict involves cultural geography. The Kurds are ethnically and culturally