Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Plato - Essay Example o that we gain the knowledge of Socrates, perhaps one of the ancient world’s most famous philosophers but what were the ideas of Socrates and which were the ideas of Plato remains a mystery today. Plato, who was a student of Socrates, pulled together the ideas of his mentor and Pythagoras to combine them with his own response to what he’d seen of the world to develop his Theory of Forms. In this theory, the ultimate goal was to progress through the levels of reality to the highest level, also known as the greatest good. According to Plato, reality is not the world of substance and things that we can see in everyday life, but is something more abstract that can only be obtained through intellectual thought (Strathern, 1996, p. 25). To help explain his Theory of Forms, Plato developed what is today referred to as the Allegory of the Cave. In the dialogue Plato presents, Socrates explains how people have been chained since childhood with their vision restricted to a giant screen in front of them. They can see the shadows of marionettes and other things dancing, but the actual colors and nature of these things cannot be perceived from such a perspective. These are the Forms of Plato’s theory. Not having known anything else, Socrates argues that the humans don’t know there’s something to miss: â€Å"To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images† (Plato 388). Because of the pain of the bright light of truth, Socrates also explains that individuals will attempt to reject the truth, the colors and textures of the real Forms, for the more comforting and familiar shadows. Eventually, they come to accept the truth, though, and are sometimes able to help others still trapped in the cave to come out and see the truth. Plato also outlined an elaborate description of utopia in The Republic. Here, he sets forth an example of a just society in which there are no possessions, children removed from their parents soon after

Case 1-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case 1-3 - Assignment Example Consumer behavior can be applied in the personal life experiences in relation to the preferences and choices. Basically, they apply in those products that we tend to buy over and over again without much thought about the other competitive similar products in the market. It is also related to the willingness of a consumer to switch to another brand or stick to a particular brand over the ages. This is even shown by the rejection of other brands that may have been introduced by the same company as a mode of improvement of the initial and established brand (Costanzo, 2012). 2. Although the same consumers that purchase goods and services are humans, there is a great difference in their actions and conducts in relation to the preferences and modes of selection. Since the consumer behaviors involve the use, disposal and reuse of goods and services, it is a representation of the many facets of human behavior. There are thus several features that are related in both human behavior and consumer behavior. For instance, personality and the social class play a vital role in determining how both humans and consumers behave. Thus it is the principles of human psychology such as scarcity, authority and consistency that shape consumer behavior. Human beings in general have the tendency to choose from what is offered in life. However, on the other hand, consumers tend to choose what they want because most of the time they are the bosses who make the decisions on what they want for themselves. In this sense, human behavior can change from time to time. Nonetheless, consumer behavior is more of permanent and takes a lot of effort to change. Another difference is that consumer behavior is based on perception, learning and personality while human behavior is based on availability. 3. There are a number of factors that would have led to the failure on the introduction part of the New coke and the OK coke. One of the major factors would have been the need to

Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases and Drugs Essay Example for Free

Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases and Drugs Essay Determining psychiatric disorders are best identified through their manifesting symptoms. Key to understanding this somehow lie in how one successfully determines the intensity or degree of symptomatic tendencies. In order to address these psychiatric disorders, some thinkers believe that there are good reasons to rely on the â€Å"practical signs† of a person’s behavioral abnormalities. It has to be mentioned that, while symptomatic disorders are not strictly to be regarded as diseases, â€Å"the clinical approach to abnormal behavior† can still be compared to â€Å"the medical approach to disease† (Moskowitz Orgel, 1969, p. 85). That being said, identifying symptoms still belong to one of the most fundamental steps that can help psychiatrists figure a helpful diagnosis for any mental illness. In this paper, five specific examples of psychiatric illnesses shall be concisely described through their symptoms: anxiety disorder, depression, mania, schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome. Some Examples of Psychiatric Disorders First, anxiety is a psychological state marked by purposeless restlessness, occasional experiences of muscle tensions and a feeling of panic or emotional discomfort (Illman, 2004, p. 3). The symptoms are themselves telling signs of abnormalities. Normal experiences of anxiety, if one may compare, may involve a feeling of considerable fear or worry. But a person suffering from an anxiety disorder experiences more than a feeling of emotional stress; as in most cases, this stress translates into psycho-somatic reactions such as prolonged apprehension or bodily discomfort as well (Moskowitz Orgel, 1969, 391). Closely related to anxiety is the psychiatric illness called depression. A person suffering from severe depression may also manifest certain psycho-emotional and somatic reactions, which, if carefully diagnosed, is seriously beyond normal experiences of poignant moments. Clinical depression may be said to occur to persons suffering from a prolonged feeling of â€Å"worthlessness† and an unwarranted guilt; and these feelings in turn are amplified by a need to â€Å"deject† from societal functions (Moskowitz Orgel, 1969, p. 394; Schacter, 2006, 49-65). Mania is a severe psychiatric condition characterized by compulsive behaviors such as anger, irrational actions or irritability. Persons suffering from mania put on an excessive amount of drive or passion to their behaviors on just about everything or anything to which they take interest (Moskowitz Orgel, 1969, p. 393). Instances of manic behaviors, many psychiatrists believe, are also closely associated with depression. Schizophrenia meanwhile is a mental disorder suffered by persons who, even without a given objective stimulus, are subjectively experiencing â€Å"vivid sensory experiences† – i. . , hearing voices, seeing visions, among others (Moskowitz Orgel, 1969, p. 393). Hallucination is almost often the commonplace word to describe such a mental condition. And last but not least, Tourette Syndrome is a mental illness characterized by a random, repetitive – and sudden – motor movement or creation of phonic sounds such as coughing, clearing of throat, among others; it is a peculiar symptom – called tic – already exhibited by patients early on in their childhood (National Institutes of Health). Diagnosis and Treatments To Help Explain and Cure the Disorders The basic diagnosis for these disorders fall into either two determining factors – genetics and environment. Under usual circumstances, psychiatrists are more inclined to consider the development of a person’s unique behavioral traits as explainable through an array of experiential traumas ensuing from factors within a person’s environment (Moskowitz Orgel, 1969, p. 384. Finding an appropriate cure is indeed a cause worth pursuing. Unfortunately for Tourette Syndrome, there are no known cure that is proven to deliver promising results. Except for some clinical trials involving â€Å"neuroleptics† (e. g. haloperidol and pimozide) – drugs used to suppress tic syndromes rather than cure it, and are known for side effects including sedation and weight gain – there are no approved medicine available in the market for now (National Institutes of Health). Anxiety and depression have been addressed through an array of anti-depressant choices, depending on which drugs respond well to the patients. The National Institutes for Health for example used â€Å"citalopram† (Celexa), among others, to conduct research to patients suffering from clinical depression, in the hope that the drug may act as serotonin inhibitors. Side effects, as in the case for most antidepressants, have reportedly been mild but serious, ranging from sedation, sleepiness and some headache (Depression Learning Fact). Other severe mental health maladies, or those that needs to be addressed via â€Å"integration of personality† (such as schizophrenia or severe mania) may need serious clinical psychotherapy, somatherapy or even psychosurgery (Moskowitz Orgel, 1969, 426).

Sexual Health Factors for Youth in Britain

Sexual Health Factors for Youth in Britain Sexual Health Ill Factors that contribute to the poor sexual health of Britain’s youth Introduction Problems with sexual health affect all sections of society including all age groups. Sexual ill health disproportionately affects vulnerable groups such as young people between the ages of 16 and 25, ethnic minority groups and those affected by poverty and social exclusion. (World Health Organization, 2004) Sexual health refers to the issues which impact on sexual function and reproduction. Such issues include a physical, mental and emotional factors which may have a varying amount of impact on the individual, leading to disorders affecting physical, mental or emotional wellbeing. (Dehne Riedner, 2005; World Health Organization, 2004) Sexual ill-health may thus be defined as the consequence of such issues in terms of their effect(s) on the wellbeing of an individual. Serious complications with sexual health particularly affect women and gay men and there are disproportionate geographical inequalities in the rate and degree of sexual ill health and inequalities in sexual health service provision in the UK. For example, the results of a study focusing on syphilis reported that there have been increasingly high rates of disease transmission over the last five years in Britain, as well as in several parts of Western Europe. The report also stated that the most alarmingly high rates of syphilis prevalence have been seen in the wealthiest cities of England such as London. (NHS, 2008) According to the Independent Advisory Group on Sexual Health and HIV, (2007) there are serious inequalities in sexual health service provision in the UK and the groups most likely to suffer because of this are identified as young people who are considering becoming sexually active, men who have sex with men and black and minority communities. The possible reasons for such inequalities are discussed further in detail, along with the importance of these issues being reprimanded and their effects reduced. The major causes of morbidity and mortality among young people are road traffic accidents, suicide, drug use (including cigarettes, cigars and alcohol) and sexual and reproductive ill health. (World Health Organization, 2004) The consequences of poor sexual health have important implications for all individuals as well as society as a whole. Unwanted pregnancies may have a long lasting impact on quality of both the mother’s and the child’s life. Since the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994, recognition of young people’s specific sexual and reproductive health needs has gradually increased. Attempts to date to promote the sexual health of young people have tended to focus on prevention, education and counseling for those who are not yet sexually active, while the provision of health services to those who have already engaged in unprotected sexual activity and faced the consequences, including pregnancy, STIs or sexual violence has lagged behind. (Dehne Riedner, 2005) The identification of this matter has lead to a shift in focus on sexual health and motivation towards the promotion of services available to people in the UK. In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an activity to promote sexual health and a positive view of sexuality for young women and men as issues to be addressed separately from the wider subject of reproductive health. In the past, but particularly since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, sexual health was defined as an incorporation of the subject of reproductive health. The launch of this activity was the direct result of the emergence of the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and an increasing awareness of the importance of gender-related violence and sexual dysfunction concerns. Such changes in sexual health have emphasized the need for more explicit focus on issues related to sexuality and the direc t implications for general health and wellbeing. (World Health Organization, 2004) Despite efforts made to strategize improvements to sexual health policies in recent years, data shows that numbers of STIs in Britain continue to grow at a problematic rate and cost the National Health Service dearly in prevention and treatment methods. Statistics regarding sexual health in Wales published in Better Health – Better Wales in 1998 (Welsh Office, 1998a) highlighted trepidation regarding the high rates of teenage pregnancies and STIs in the region. In response to these concerns, the Welsh Assembly’s publication Better Health – Better Wales Strategic Framework (Welsh Office, 1998b) included a commitment to the people for the betterment of sexual health and to take account of and successfully deal with the inequalities surrounding sexual health concerns. Strategies were also directed towards the improvement of emotional support for those involved in sexual relationships, as well as support for the education of sex in schools. In addition to the responsibility assumed by England and Wales to try to tackle sexual health concerns, Scotland also released a response to growing rates of abortions, unwanted pregnancies and ill health in the form of a Sexual Health and Relationships Strategy, (Scottish Executive, 2005) which aimed to challenge the government for better services by promoting a strategy based firmly on â€Å"self-respect, respect for others and strong relationships† (Scottish Executive, 2005). In short, action was directed towards the avoidance of contracting and spreading sexually transmitted infections and towards the avoidance of unwanted pregnancies by promoting the individual’s responsibility for themselves and others through specific educative measures. Despite the efforts made by the three governing bodies in the UK to act on sexual health concerns, there is evidence indicating that some years on, we are still seeing problematic levels of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections in young people and a systematic review of the literature seems to suggest limited knowledge of sexual health associated with young people. (Wellings et al., 2002; NHS 2007) A thorough study of the literature concerning sexual health in young people reveals that there are four main areas of consideration for this matter. These include the level of knowledge of sexual health to young people, consequences of sexual ill health, factors influencing the use and non-use of condoms and intervention(s) for the promotion of condom use. We therefore now take a closer look at the condition of sexual health in young people in the UK in detail to identify the specific areas where intervention can promote better sexual health in order to reduce the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in this group of people and we also give further consideration to the consequences of STIs and the factors affecting the use of condoms. According to a study performed in 2001, when compared with several countries, Britain has a relatively low rate of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, which reflects the historical investment in establishing the Genito-urinary Medicine (GUM) clinic. However, data from 2001 showed evidence that there is heterogeneity in the population distribution of STIs which are diagnosed, and the wide distribution of undiagnosed Chlamydia showed that the strategy adopted in Britain in response to the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 failed to relieve the problem of ill sexual health by 2001. (Fenton et al., 2001) Looking a little later on to over a decade since the international conference, we learn that the number of newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infections continued to rise in 2006 indicating that sexual health still required careful attention at this time. Furthermore, the same study showing that sexually transmitted infections were still on the r ise in 2006 also gave overwhelming evidence that the highest rate of STI diagnoses continued to be among young people between the age of 16 and 24 years and that genital herpes in particular sharply rose by 16% from 2005 to 2006 in teenage women. (Hughes et al., 2006) There is much further evidence in the literature to show that young people are most at risk from sexual health problems including notable statistics which show that Chlamydia affects one in ten sexually active young women and each year, numbers of cases rise by 9%. (Department of Health, 2003) There is thus, some significant evidence showing that sexual health in the UK continues to decline and any efforts being made to prevent such an increase in rate of infection are clearly neither sufficient nor effective. This effect on young women has changed little since 2003 and remains a cause for concern at the present time. (Department of Health, 2003; IAG, 2006/2007) Recognition of the problematic numbers of affected young people, particularly women lead to the implementation of a strategy designed to tackle  ways  of  reducing  teenage pregnancy  and  improving  sexual  health  among vulnerable  groups of young  people. This strategy ended in December 2006, yet there still remains concern regarding the health of young sexually active people supported by statistics documenting the behaviour of young people today. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents in particular, are of great concern to all those who work to improve the health status of human populations. Sexually transmitted infections are widely associated with stigmatization, denial and embarrassment among patients and health workers. Sexuality and associated health risks are still a major taboo in many societies and this may be especially true for young people between the ages of 16 and 25 years. While the young person’s rights and needs may be acknowledged in theory, the story is very different in practice and they are still confronted with many barriers when it comes to obtaining the practical support they need to avoid health concerns. According to Dehne and Riedner (2005) an indication of their â€Å"unmet needsâ €  is the worldwide scarcity of services available for young people, in particular, services related to the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. (Dehne Riedner, 2005) Significant data has shown that almost 30% of young men and nearly 26% of young women report having sexual intercourse before the age of 16 and by the age of 20, the majority of young people have had sex. (Brook, 2001) The high number of young people having sex at an early age means that this group has a high risk of transmitting sexually transmitted infections and indeed of becoming unintentionally pregnant. Evidence supporting this is found in a study by Marston and King (2006), who found that nearly 50% of new HIV infections worldwide are found in young people between the age of 15 and 24 years. Further evidence suggests that this figure is nearer 60%. (Dehne Riedner, 2001) Thus there is some significant room for attention towards this group to change sexual behaviour to deal with a pandemic such as this. (Marston King, 2006) The high risk of STI transmission, as well as the increased chance of encountering other sexual health problems in young people has led to the motivation for this study and we are persuaded that there are inextricable forces acting on young people, which are causing them to suffer unnecessarily. We offer a thorough investigation into the causes of various sexually transmitted infections and ill-health epidemics in the UK in the hope of identifying the main voids in bureaucratic procedure towards the paradox of sexual health in young people. Research on sexual health in young people seems to suggest that knowledge of the causes and consequences of sexually transmitted infections as well as the consequences of sex in general to young people maybe limited (Wellings et al., 2001; NHS, 2007) and it is likely that this lack of knowledge is a large contributing factor in the high prevalence of STIs in young people in the UK. The fact that ‘young’ signifies only very few years of experience as a sexually mature adult is also, albeit an obvious one, a reason for the high parameters of sexual health problems in this group of people and another why they might have unsafe sex. Although sexual education begins at a young age (usually 11 years old and lasts until 16 years), a report by Lester Coleman (2007) on the preferences towards sexual education by a multi-cultural group of individuals revealed that despite the different religions of children in schools in Britain today, there are a number of similarities across practising religious groups which include the preference for more information regarding STIs and how to increase sex satisfaction. Thus, there is evidence to suggest that there is at least some room here for improvement in the educational methods used for the prevention of sexual health problems through knowledge acquirement. (Coleman, 2007) Furthermore, according to Jackson and Plant (1997), despite the improvement in the knowledge of sexual health matters to young people shown in the early 1990s, young people lack knowledge about how to use sexual health services provided and they are also unsure about the issue confidentiality to their parent s and general practitioners if they were to attend a surgery or family planning clinic for advice and/or treatment. This revealing might help to explain not only the high numbers of STIs and unwanted pregnancies in young people, but also the lack of knowledge young people have of matters relating to sexual health. Also, the failure of most young people to recall the anonymity of sexual health services, as found by Jackson and Plant (1997), clearly shows the lack of communication between educators and students over these matters, or perhaps more accurately, the failures of sexual health educators to effectively inform young people of all of the important elements relating to advice and treatment of sexual health problems. If proper communication was involved between informer and ‘informee’ and feedback was necessitated, it should have been obvious that anonymity would be a major concern to young people requiring treatment or advise, especially those who are below the legal age to be having sex, or indeed those with cultural backgrounds who do not allow sexual activity at their current age. Campaigns over the recent years targeting young people have encouraged safe sex through promoting condom use and the avoidance of penetration. Efforts have included dispensing free condoms and providing information through schools. However, even in instances where condoms have been widely available and education of sexual health problems has been great, such campaigns have not been desirably successful. It has been demonstrated that there are powerful cultural and social forces in play, which appear to strongly influence sexual behaviour. This discovery might help to explain why free dispensation of condoms is not working as well as expected to reduce rates of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. It might also help to explain why some of the HIV programmes have also not been effective. (Coleman, 2007) Consequences of sexual ill health The physical symptoms of sexually transmitted infections are varied but there are a few generalizations which include itching, redness and soreness around male and female genital parts. The most common STI to date is Chlamydia, which is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. In women the infection often presents no symptoms which makes diagnosis without examination difficult in many cases and there may also be non-specific symptoms such as cystitis, an altered vaginal discharge or abdominal pain. If left untreated, the female reproductive organs can be irreparably damaged and can cause sterility. (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007) Men may experience pain whilst urinating, develop a discharge from their penis and have inflammation of the urethra or testes. (NHS, 2007) Other sexually transmitted diseases which are common effects of unprotected sex and which have various physical symptoms leading to damage of the reproductive tract if left untreated are: genital warts; genital herpes; gonorrhoea; syphilis; HIV; trichomoniasis; pubic lice; scabies; thrush; and non-specific urethritis. Emotionally, the occurrence of an STI can cause problems for the patient related to a feeling of shame and of being ‘dirty’, especially in the event that a patient must make contact with previous partners to inform them of their infection. (NHS, 2007) There has been an increase in the interest in the sexual behaviour of young people in the second half of the 20th century, which has been fuelled partly by a concern for their sexual wellbeing. In the 1960s and 1970s, nervousness surrounding the rates of contraception among young unmarried people provided the impetus to much research, but a decade later, the focus shifted to the risk of HIV transmission among young people. By the end of the 20th century, the UK had the highest rate of teenage births in Western Europe and an increasing rate of most sexually transmitted infections among young people. Attention has now focused on risk behaviour in the context of both sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies in young people. (Wellings et al., 2001) and it is estimated that the prevention of unintended pregnancies saves the NHS over  £2.5bn a year (Kinghorn, 2001; The Department of Health, 2006). The average cost of contraception failure is estimated at  £1500 per person, which is inclusive of the costs of abortion, miscarriage, ectopic and live births. (Department of Health, 2006) Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with serious maternal and neonatal morbidity, infertility, anogenital cancer and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The average lifetime treatment cost for each HIV positive individual was estimated to be between  £195,000 and  £200,000 (Bernard, 2006; Bartlett, 2007). At  £580 million a year, HIV imposes a significant burden on healthcare resources. As well as the high cost of care and treatment, HIV is associated with extreme morbidity, significant mortality and a significantly reduced life. It has been determined that preventing the onward infection of just one case of HIV saves the NHS around  £0.5 million in health care costs and individual health gains. Figures at the end of 2006 indicated that the direct costs of treating other STIs cost the health service approximately  £165 million a year and if the cost of treating sequelae were to be included, this would increase exponentially. Chlamydia, for example, often produces no symptoms, but if left untreated it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy, which impose high costs on individuals and on the National Health Service. (The Department of Health, 2006) When fertility treatment such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) becomes necessary due to fertility problems associated with STIs, there is no funding available for patients and those people affected much shell out thousands of pounds for such procedures. The NHS offers no help for any person requiring fertility treatment, despite evidence seeming to point to the failure of government bodies responsible for the promotion of sexual health to effectively diagnose and treat people with sexual health issues. (NHS, 2007) Gender is an important issue in STI prevention and care and there are many scientists who believe that gender is the largest role being played in the prevailing increase in sexually transmitted infection rates. (Marston and King, 2006; Coleman, 2007) Gender-based inequalities put girls and young women at an increased risk of becoming infected with a sexually transmitted infection and these inequalities also affect these women’s access to prevention and care services. In addressing these inequalities, we must try to best consider the different requirements and also constraints of young women and young men when we are designing interventions to tackle sexual ill health. (Marston and King, 2006) According to a study by Marston and King (2006), sexual partners influence the behaviour of young individuals in many ways and young people are known to assess potential sexual partners as â€Å"clean† or â€Å"unclean†. Furthermore, there appears to be certain stigmas associated with condoms, such as a lack of trust, and societal norms prevent the lucid communication about sex. (Marston and King, 2006) From a biological perspective, hormonal changes in young men and women which are likely at various times between the age of 16 and 25 years will have a profound affect on the decision-making ability of the individual; especially in younger years and this is likely to be a plausible explanation for certain acts considered by individuals as ‘mistakes’. (Verhoeven, 2003) STIs such as chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhoea are passed from one individual to another through intimate sexual contact either during vaginal, anal or oral intercourse with an infected partner. (NHS, 2007) The timing and conditions of sexual initiation are of substantial interest in the context of public health. Early age at first intercourse is associated with subsequent sexual health status. Following the steep decrease of age at first intercourse among women up to and incuding the 1970s, in many countries there is evidence of subsequent stabilisation. In several European countries, this stabilisation occurred in the 1980s. In Britain however, heterosexual intercourse continued to occur at earlier stages throughout the 1980s. Factors associated with early age at first intercourse are well documented and include early school leaving age, early menarche, family disruption and a disadvantaged and poor education. A study by Wellings et al., reported a decline in age at first intercou rse in successive age-groups and significant increase in condom use among the youngest age cohort, born between 1971 and 1976. Several important trends have been identified in this data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) in 2000. There seems to have been a stabilisation of the proportion of people having first heterosexual intercourse before the age of 16 years among women, as well as a continuation of the increase in condom use and in the decrease in the proportion not using contraceptive methods at first intercourse. There also has been identified an increase in the importance of school in the sexual education of the young, in particular men. Despite the strong trends identified in this data, the author is right to point out that the data is based on alleged behaviour and thus is susceptible to biases associated with recall and veracity. With time, it is pointed out, early experiences may be recast or forgotten although the ability to recall any event is dependent on the time passed since the event’s occurrence, and also on its salience. According to the results of experiments, less than 1% of respondents were unable to remember, with accuracy, their age at first intercourse. This result demonstrates that first intercourse is fairly non-memorable for individuals and there may be implications here into the general lack of responsibility taken with regards to contraception at this time. Further, if we look at the decade of the 1990s as a whole, a higher proportion of young women in Britain reported heterosexual intercourse before the age of 16 years when compared with the previous decade and the median age at first intercourse was also shown to be lower for men than women. Looking within the 1990s however, there are some tentative and possibly ambiguous signs in the data that the trend showing increasingly earlier heterosexual intercourse may have in fact stabilised for women. Furthermore, there is evidence of increasing adoption of risk reduction practices. For only a minority of young people is first intercourse unprotected against infection and conception. The data in the study shows a remarkable rise in condom use in Britain, despite the predictions that a weaker impact of AIDS-linked safer sex messages might have brought about complacency. 25% of young women in this study were already using oral contraception at first intercourse but with respect to the circumstances of first intercourse, the evidence is less positive. Despite the agreement in the behaviour of men and women at particular ages at which first intercourse occurs, there remain gender differences in the experience of the event such as those described above. The proportion of those young people who are sexually proficient according to the criteria which was used, has increased over time; particularly among men. Further evidence reveals that women are two times as likely as men to regret the ir first experience of intercourse and three times as likely to report being the less willing partner. These findings have also been supported by Wight et al., 2000 and Dickenson et al., 1998. 26% of women aged between 16 and 19 in this study were found to have had intercourse by 16 years, which is the legal age to have sex in the UK. (NHS, 2007) There is evidence to suggest that a focus on absolute age at first intercourse may not take into account variations in individual development and social norms. Although sexual competence decreases substantially with age at intercourse, more than 30% of young women for whom first intercourse occurred at age 15 years were sexually competent, and more than a 30% of those aged between18 and 24 years at the time were not. The report shows early age first intercourse to be significantly associated with early pregnancy but not experience of sexually transmitted infection. Although early menarche is independently associated with early age first intercourse and with early motherhood, importantly, in terms of the potential for enhancing sexual health, the risk behaviours and outcomes described are also associated with cultural and social factors. Of these, the association is stronger for education than for family background. Young people who leave school later, with qualifications, are less likely to have early intercourse, more likely to use contraception at first sex, be sexually competent and, for women, less likely to become pregnant if they have sex. Family disruption and lower parental socioeconomic status are also associated with early sexual experience and pregnancy when younger than 18 years, but the effect is weaker. (Wellings et al., 2001) The absence of a significant association between educational level and abortion, compared with the strong association with motherhood at younger than 18 years, supports the premise that educational prospects influence the outcome of pregnancy. We do not know to what extent poor educational aspirations themselves lead to early sexual experience and motherhood and the extent to which having a child early in life thwarts academic expectations. Nevertheless, this data identifies a vulnerable group of women in public health terms; 29% of sexually active young women in this study who left school at 16 years with no qualifications had a child at age 17 or younger. From the viewpoint of prevention, there is much that is positive in this data: the sustained increase in risk reduction at early sexual experience; the increasing prominence of the school in the sexual education of the young and the fact that the variables which emerge as most strongly associated with reducing risk are those which are amenable to intervention. Of interest too, with respect to the possible stabilisation of the trend towards intercourse is the evidence from the USA of a reduction in the teenage pregnancy rate following their earlier experience of a similar trend. The strong association between educational attainment and early motherhood also supports the British government’s strategy to marshal the efforts of ministries concerned not only with health but also with education and social services, in a bid to reduce the incidence and adverse outcomes of early teenage pregnancy. Marston and King, in their 2006 study found that there are penalties and rewards encountered for sex which may well affect the rate of STI transmission in the UK. According to these two authors, social rewards and penalties influence sexual behaviour. Adhering to gender expectations and formalities has been seen to raise social status. For women, complying with stereotypes can secure an exclusive relationship with a man, and for men, complying can lead to many partners. (Nyanzi et al., 2001) While pregnancy outside marriage can be stigmatising, for some women pregnancy can be a way out of the parental home. Young people may behave in particular ways through fear of being caught in the act. Sex can also be a way to obtain money and gifts from boyfriends:, which is particularly well described for sub-Saharan Africans, although this behaviour is not exclusive to this part of the world. (Nyanzu et al., 2001) It is believed that the relationship between individual enthusiasm and societal expectations is a complex one as some behaviour considered taboo can become desirable for that very reason. (Marston and King, 2006) Reputations are crucial for social control of sexual behaviour according to scientists. Marston and King, 2006; Stephenson et al., 1993) Reputations are linked to displays of chastity for women, or heterosexual activity for men. Social isolation can result from activity leading to being branded â€Å"queer† or a â€Å"slut†, and in some cases, such brands can result in worse cases such as gang rape and murder. (Wood et al., 1998) A woman’s reputation can be damaged by having â€Å"many†, or more than one partners according to Marston and King (2006) and even the mentioning of sex can risk implying sexual experience and lead to a damaged reputation. Although it has been found that communication across generations about sex is rare, family members may for instance prevent young people socialising with members of the opposite sex to protect the reputation o the family. (Hennick et al., 1992) Young men’s reputations can suffer if they are not seen to push for sexual access and numerous female partners according to some scientists, (Varga, 1997; Harrision et al., 2001) thus, the display of heterosexual activity can be important. It is common that some groups of men visit brothels together in Southeast Asia and young men proudly report sexual experiences to their peers. (Varga, 1997) Furthermore, there is often a stigma attached to not having penetrative sex, and indeed not being able to do so. Young men not having sex with their girlfriends may be accused of being â€Å"gay†. According to a study in Britain by Hughes et al., (2007) new STI diagnoses increased between 2005 and 2006 by an overall 2% whilst diagnoses of other STIs increased by 3% over the year. Looking further back, there has been an increase in new STI diagnoses of 63% between 1997 and 2006 and an 84% increase of existing STIs over the same time period. According to these figures, strategies in place between these times were not working effectively to reduce the incidence of STIs in young people. Between 2005 and 2006, services available to the public in the form of clinics and sexual health screening and HIV tests were increased by 6% thus making them more readily available. The number of HIV tests taken was said to have risen by 12% over that year and the number of sexual health screens rose by 9%. (Hughes et al., 2007) Thus, despite the increase in the services available to the public in the early 2000s, STI incidence continued to rise. There is therefore clearly a huge requirement for the betterment of these services to allow a significant reduction in new and existing STI diagnosis. Presently, services available to young people with sexual health concerns include genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics, which are usually situated in separate Primary Care Trust departments at hospitals around the country. The NHS also provides a numbe

The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout The Awakening, Kate Chopin conveys her ideas by using carefully crafted symbols that reflect her characters' thoughts and futures. One of the most important of these symbols, the bird, appears constantly, interwoven in the story to provide an insight to the condition of Edna's and her struggle. At each of the three stages of her struggle, birds foreshadow her actions and emphasize the actions' importance while the birds' physical state provides an accurate measure of that of Edna's. Early in the novel, while Edna attempts to escape from society's strong grasp, birds emphasize her entanglement by forecasting her actions and monitor her development by reflecting her feelings. The novel opens with the image of a bird, trapped and unable to communicate: "a green and yellow parrot, which hung in the cage outside the door...could speak a little Spanish, and also a language that nobody understood" (1). Like the bird, Edna feels trapped and believes that society has imprisoned her. Her marriage to Mr. Pontellier suffocates her and keeps her from being free. At the same time, she remains shut apart from society like the bird in the cage, and different ideas and feelings prevent her from communicating. The only person in society that begins to understand her, Robert, eventually decides that he must remain a member of society instead of staying with her. He says that "you [Edna] were not free; you were Leonce Pontellier's wife" and that "[Robert] . ..

Playing Basketball Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

Playing Basketball Being part of the basketball clique in high school helped me learn the intrapersonal and social communication skills I use today. As a child playing basketball was my favorite activity or hobby. It's also the way I met a lot of my good friends that I have now. All my close friends I have met. I have met them through playing basketball.. Whether they were on my team, the opposing team or just fans in the crowd who admired my play. Not only has basketball helped me gain friends, but basketball also taught me a lot about life. There are many aspects of life that coincide with basketball. For instance basketball is a team game and an individual game. Like in life you have to work together with other people. The communication skills I learned from basketball helped me communicate with friends, girlfriends, parents and bosses at work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I started playing basketball in the fifth grade. In the fifth grade I was a quiet and shy little boy. I rarely talked to my teammates and kept to myself. As the years went by I learned how to communicate with my teammates and my coaches and began to break out of my shell so to speak. I started making more and more friends that also went to my junior high. Basketball helped me meet a lot of new people. By the time I left junior high I had already a core group of friends I hung out with that I met from playing basketball.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I remember my first day of high school like it was yesterday. A lot of my friends were...

Harvey Wasserman’s ‘Robber Baron’: Criticizing Essay

â€Å"Robber Barons† Harvey Wasserman’s â€Å"Robber Baron† is a harsh critic of not only legendary titans in the American business history, but also of the politics and politicians of the Gilded Age. In his monograph, the images of â€Å"robber barons†, corrupt politicians and laissez-faire government is conjured in the era wherein many important sectors of the American economy were dominated by a handful of firms as cut-throat business competition were compounded by frequent economic contractions that gripped the nation. Wasserman accused the captains of industry of financial trickery and of political corruption with the bribing of legislatures, and attacking them for the inhumane treatment of labor which included the imposition of heavy hours, unhealthy working conditions and using cheap immigrant labor to undercut wage rates. But above all, Wasserman condemned them as merciless monopolists who engaged in ruthless competition by choking off rivals using railroad rebates, controlling raw materials and money supply, and the forced purchase of competing firms. According to Wasserman, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Vanderbilt all had something in common – they were all â€Å"Robber Barons† who monopolize the railroad, petroleum, banking, and steel industries, profiting massively and gaining personally, but not doing a whole lot for the common wealth. Many of the schemes and techniques that are used today to rob people of what is rightfully theirs, such as pensions, stocks, and even their jobs, were invented and used often by these four men. Wasserman’s narrative relentlessly pursue troubling and crippling side effects of the Gilded Age: high levels of political corruption, the arrogance of global economic power, the twisting of the U. S. tax code, and the voter belief in the captivity of government to private interests. But is it fair to consummate in totality, as per Wasserman, these early industrialists as â€Å"robber barons† and the business practices of the Gilded Age as completely corrupt and pointless? The stereotype is indeed irresistible, especially so that it resonates in our time with the Enron, WorldCom and other corporate debacles. But nonetheless, Wasserman’s critique of capitalism is one-sided and obscures other dimensions of corporate activity and opportunity during the era. Take for instance, the doubling of the number of farms and the amount of land in cultivation during the period, the increased size of the workforce, especially in the manufacturing sector, the increased railroad track mileage and the swelling of steel production – all pointed to a surging Gross National Product (GNP). With increased life expectancy, economic data proved that industrialization indeed did raise the standard of living for the majority of Americans during that era. The railroads that became the point of contention between business moguls, was the definite symbol of industrialization as it lowered the cost of shipping freight, which in turn permitted the reduction in the prices consumers paid for food and durable items, thus creating the evolution of national markets that stimulated new levels of competition, opportunity and further growth. Although it still remains an endless debate as to the exact preposition that beholds the likes of Carnegies, Rockefeller, Morgan and Vanderbilt, it is beyond doubt that corporations, a number of which were owned by these men, were the engines of economic growth. In the 40 years following Appomattox, the United States amazed European investors and bankers with the speed at which she changed from a backward agricultural republic to the most powerful industrial force in the world. During the years of the so-called â€Å"robber barons†, America outpaced other nations by large margins when it came to growth in per-capita income, industrial production and rising values generally. Moreover, the Gilded Age also saw economic participation at all levels of society, including numerous previously disenfranchised constituencies. Thus, it is worth noting, Wasserman’s narrative, along with that of Charles Beard and Matthew Josephson (the original creator of the â€Å"robber barons† dichotomy), needs a further reassessment. From Wasserman’s narrative, it is easy to reach the conclusion that the post Civil War program providing subsidies to western railroads was a disaster, a way of transferring millions of the people’s wealth to a few politically well-connected plutocrats. Seemingly, it would have been attempted. But when all the dust settled, the United States did have a transcontinental railroad. Without the offer of mammoth government subsidies, such railroad construction would not have happened for decades.

Main place of work Essay

Three key points of legislation that affect employers in a business are: 1. Health and safety at Work Act 2. National Minimum Wage Act 1998 3. Pension 2b) List three key points of legislation that affect employees in a business environment. Three key points of legislation that affect employees are: 1. Data Protection Act 1998 2. The Equality Act 2010 3. The Working Time Regulations 3. Identify a range of places where a person can find information on employment rights and responsibilities. You should identify at least two internal and two external sources of information. Internal sources of information: 1. Terms of employment contract 2. Organisation policies and procedures 3. Informed college 4. Line managers 5. Trade union representatives External sources of information: 1. Citizen Advice Bureau 2. ACAS (Conciliation and Arbitration Service) 3. Government agencies 4. Libraries 5. Legal professionals 4. Describe how representative bodies can support employees. Representative bodies are organisations that represent the interest and rights of the employees. They can offer support to employees by negotiating pay and terms of employment and providing information, consultation and legal services. They also can help employees with pensions and collective redundancy issues. 5. Briefly describe employer and employee responsibilities for equality and diversity in a business environment. You should give at least two employer responsibilities and two employee responsibilities. If possible, provide relevant equality and diversity procedures from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. The employer has the responsibility to develop and apply policies and procedures reflecting equality and diversity latest legislation, make sure that the line managers promote fair treatment and train the employees in equality and diversity topics. The employees responsibilities are to understand and respect the policies and procedures of the organisation regarding equality and diversity and respect others regardless of disabilities , ethnicity, gender etc.

Negative Utilitarianism: An Overview

Most utilitarian theories deal with producing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Negative utilitarianism (NU) requires us to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of suffering for the greatest number. Proponents like Karl Popper, Christoph Fehige and Clark Wolf argue that this is a more effective ethical formula, since, they contend, the greatest harms are more consequential than the greatest goods. Karl Popper also referred to an epistemological argument: â€Å"It adds to clarity in the fields of ethics, if we formulate our demands negatively, i. e. if we demand the elimination of suffering rather than the promotion of happiness. †(Karl R. Popper,1945) Most forms of utilitarianism hold that we ought to do that which maximises the good and minimises the bad. There is some disagreement about what the good and the bad are– whether the good is people being happy and the bad is people being unhappy, or the go od is people getting what they want and the bad is people not getting what they want, or whatever–but most utilitarians agree that whatever the good and the bad are, we ought to bring about as much of the former and as little of the latter as is possible. Negative utilitarians disagree. Negative utilitarians are concerned only with minimising the bad. They don't think we ought to maximise the good and minimise the bad, and that when we must choose between the two we must weigh the difference that we can make to the one against the difference that we can make to the other; rather, negative utilitarians hold just that we ought to minimise the bad, that we ought to alleviate suffering as far as we are able to do so. Suppose that I have a choice to make: I can either make the happiest man in the world even happier than he already is, or I can alleviate some of the suffering of the unhappiest man in the world. Suppose further that the difference that I can make to the happy man is much greater than the difference that I can make to the unhappy man. Most utilitarians would say that in this case I ought to help the happy man. As I can make a greater difference to the life of the happy man than I can make to the life of the unhappy man, it is the happy man whom I should help. Negative utilitarians disagree. Negative utilitarians hold that it is more important to alleviate suffering than it is to promote pleasure, and that I should therefore always choose to alleviate suffering rather than promote pleasure when forced to choose between the two. In most supporters of moderate NU the preference to survive is stronger than the wish to be freed from suffering, so that they refuse the idea of a quick and painless destruction of life. Some of them believe that, in time, the worst cases of suffering is defeated and a world of minor suffering can be realized. The big problem with negative utilitarianism is that it appears to require the destruction of the world. The world contains much suffering, and the future, presumably, contains a great deal more suffering than the present. Each of us will suffer many calamaties in the course of our lives, before those lives finally end with the suffering of death. There is a way, however, to reduce this suffering: we could end it all now. With nuclear weapons technology, we have the capability to blow up the planet, making it uninhabitable. Doing so would cause us all to suffer death, but death is going to come to us all anyway, so causing everyone to die will not increase the suffering in the world. Causing us to die now, though, will decrease the suffering in the world; it will prevent us from suffering those calamaties that were going to plague us during the remainder of our lives. Destroying the planet, then, will reduce the suffering in the world. According to negative utilitarianism, then, it is what we ought to do. That, though, is surely absurd. Negative utilitarianism, therefore, is false.

Reclining Nude

Faith Kim Prof. Hight Introduction to Visual Arts 4 June 2012 Reclining Nude The artwork is called Reclining Nude by Jean-Antoine Watteau and I found this artwork in the Norton Simon Museum. I was captivated by the sensuality and the delicacy in the painting. I first noticed in the painting was her robust ivory figure contrasting with the dark chocolate background because I felt that these contrasting colors evoked a sense of purity and light against the mysterious darkness. She seems to have turned around and noticed something. Perhaps someone just entered the room and surprised her or she could have been waiting for her lover.I also noticed that in this painting, that there are only three objects: the bed, the girl, and the dark background. This painting seemed so simple to me and yet I felt there was so much more to it. What was it about her that was so special? Why was she painted? These thoughts whirled in my head as I looked at this masterpiece. I studied this painting’s importance by researching the important formal elements that composed this artwork such as color and light, the historical context in which the artwork was made, and Watteau’s intent for this artwork.These factors have contributed in the Reclining Nude’s significance not only for me, but in art history. I first analyzed the usage of the formal elements-the color and shape- and Watteau’s skill sets in the Reclining Nude. The woman’s â€Å"creamy pink flesh is wonderfully warm and sensuous against the ivory-white of the bedclothes and the dark, chocolate-brown of the background† (Posner 385). The creamy color adds life to the woman and distinguishes her from the pale white bed sheets, thus giving the effect that her skin has â€Å"a marvelous translucency† (Posner 385).The translucency of her skin could possibly imply her innocence and purity. The rosy blush gives the young girl a sense of modesty that even though she might be alone and lying comfortably on her bed; she is aware of her nudity. Her â€Å"shape [and] weight†¦of the breasts and the firm flesh of [her] stomach†¦are exactly defined by varying values and densities of the paint surface† (Posner 385). Watteau must have applied a certain amount of weight in applying the paint, to give the painting life. This made â€Å"the boldly painted bedding seem buoyant and responsive to the weight of the lithesome figure† (Posner 385).His â€Å"brushwork is free and broad,† especially around the woman’s right elbow where there is apparently â€Å"a lack of clarity about the relationship of weight support† (Posner 385). Despite these irregularities, â€Å"the picture’s handling and description of forms are typical of Watteau† (Poser 385). Watteau was known for his â€Å"freedom of the hand, the lightness of touch, a subtlety in the profiles of heads and the drawing of hair, the expressiveness of the figures and com positions, [and] the pervasive feeling of [his artworks]† (Oxford).Watteau used the Rococo style in the Reclining Nude and this certain style reflected the change in mentality during 18th century France. According to Art: A Brief History, â€Å"The Rococo style may be seen partly as a reaction at all levels of society, even among kings and bishops, against the Grand Manner of Baroque art, indentified with formality and rigidity of seventeenth-century court life† (Stokstad 412). The Baroque style prior to the Rococo style magnified the grandeur of the powerful-the royalty and nobility.They were portrayed as godlike and were painted in a formal and rigid manner. Rococo was a much more relaxed notion and is â€Å"characterized by pastel colors, delicately curving forms, dainty figures, and lightheartedness† (Stokstad 412). The Reclining Nude represents these ideas of the Rococo style. Her body has a delicate curve especially around her hips adjacent to the dark back ground and her fingers are so delicate, it seems as if she has never used them before.During this time was the early emergence of the Enlightenment when â€Å"radical technological advances† and changes in philosophy were happening (Stokstad 469). People were starting to become curious, questioned their surroundings, and were thinking more realistically. The change in France’s notion is reflected in the Reclining Nude. The woman is more humanized with her lying comfortably than posing like a goddess in stupendous fashion. Also, the details of her anatomy, such as the indent of fat between her left breast and hip, give her a more realistic look as well.The Reclining Nude carries the characteristics of the Rococo style and embodies the cultural shift of France. No one knows for certain the true meaning behind Watteau’s Reclining Nude. There are theories that Reclining Nude has no meaning and is a simply a copy of Watteau’s other artwork, The Remedy. The Rem edy â€Å"shows the same reclining nude woman who appears in the painting. But in addition, it includes a maid with a syringe approaching her mistress to administer an enema, and also a night-table at the left and more of the bed at the bottom of the composition† (Posner 386).Only difference is that in the Reclining Nude, the focal point is not the action between the woman and her nurse, but just the woman. However, Watteau might have intended for the painting to be an erotic artwork. Watteau might have portrayed her as the ideal woman and to make love to this woman is as beautiful as her. This type of work would have reflected the â€Å"intellectual and social libertinism†¦ especially in France† (Posner 387). Expressing eroticism such as this was radical, but so was the culture and time period of France.The woman has also been noted to be a pagan goddess for she is â€Å"wonderfully seductive† and shares the modesty of a pagan goddess (Posner 388). Unlike what art historians and theorist say, I believe that Watteau’s intent was for us to just relax like her and enjoy the beauty of life. I think he would have wanted us to unwind and shift our focus from materials and more into the natural beauty. Watteau definitely displayed characteristics of the Rococo style and might have meant to use this style to display some very simple and yet beautiful forms of life.Instead of the opulence of the rich like in the Baroque style, he focused more on the natural beauty. He points out the delicacies and the loveliness of the woman that further attribute to her exquisiteness. Although there are many things I would love to know more about the Reclining Nude, I have learned a lot from my research. I feel satisfied of my discoveries and researching the Reclining Nude has reminded of the great importance art history is in our society. Studying art history gives us glimpses of life during those time periods.They show us their people, cultures, sty les, etc. Utilizing art, we are able to study from past people, cultures, and styles and therefore, apply this knowledge for the future. Jean-Antoine Watteau’s Reclining Nude provides history and meaning to society and can be studied to understand the mentality then, compared to how we are today. The visual techniques, the historical context, and the meaning of the Reclining Nude have helped enlighten me about this painting’s significance on myself and in art history.

War of the worlds Essays

War of the worlds Essays War of the worlds Essay War of the worlds Essay This book was released In 1898 after which lead to much more. In 1938 the book was made into a radio broadcast, and in 1953, a movie, all of which are in some way different. Book vs.. Movie Differences: The book and the movie had several differences. One of these differences is that the narrator is not married in the movie. He, for the first time, meets Sylvia in the movie whenever the Martians land. In the book, he Is telling the story to his brother, and his name Is never revealed. Also, since the book was written in 1898, at the time, there werent things such as planes. And the human race didnt have near as much information about outer space and the other planets. Another difference is that the aliens, in the movie, are considered primitive, rather than more intelligent and advanced than human beings. The aliens in the book use only heat rays, whereas in the movie, they have multi-firing weapons and nuclear power rays. Also, in the movie, the aliens either levitated, or had Invisible legs. The narrator, In the book, is in the house when It collapses with the curate, not Sylvia. Also, when he gets knocked out, In the movie, he Is determined to see what the aliens look like, and In the book, he tries to find food and get out of the structure. Another difference is that in the movie, the house collapses is in the country, where no one lives, but in the book, it is in the city. In the book, the entire setting takes place in England, and in the movie, it is in California. In the movie, the cylinder that first arrives, arrives in the morning. The movie Is more focused on religion, rather than scientific facts. Saltcellars: The book and movie not only have differences, but also saltcellars. The beginnings of both stories are, for the most part, the same. The cylinders fall crash down and are found. The aliens eventually come out of the cylinders, and attack. The people all knew that the aliens came from space, and assumed that it was a meteor at first.

Pigs say No

Pigs say No Misunderstanding.I read an article about the misconception that people have for pigs. We tend to think that pigs are such lazy animals that only eat and sleep in their place. Before I read this article, I also thought like that as well. But this was a total "stereotype" that people made solely looking at their livelihood. As a matter of fact, pigs are actually diligent. The reason why people think pigs are lazy is because of where they stay. Pigs live in such a small place that they can really only eat and sleep there. If pigs are free, they would probably run like a horse(exaggeration). There were many other factors that I was not aware of in the article.Anyway, after reading this article, I was not only informed but had a chance to think about all the misunderstanding and stereotypes I had. Have you thought about it?ThinkingHm...for instance, you might think the people who work as a receptionist will have such an easy time. But it is not really. Have you thought about their backach e because of their sedentary work? You might think swans are so relaxed and calm, but as you may all know, = under the water their feet are working so hard. Like this, it is likely to cause misconceptions and stereotypes solely looking at the surface.I also thought about the misunderstandings in relationships. When I fight with my friends, most of the times, the reason was because misunderstandings. Thought when we fight, I don't think that I am thinking wrong or anything. I just think about my heartbreak, and the feel bad for myselfselfish little girl aren't I?Thinking once more, or thinking a little deeper could make a big difference in your life. You would...

American Identity Essay Professor Ramos Blog

American Identity Essay American Identity Analysis Essay

Free Essays on Last Of The Mohicans

From implausible, daring escapes to unrealistic accounts of the savagery of the Native Americans, James Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans emphasizes the â€Å"fiction† in historical fiction. The novel is comically littered with contradictory tones and gross inaccuracies in terms of frontier life, but in spite of the aforementioned, Cooper manages to convey his over-used American roughrider, Hawkeye, as a genuine model for nineteenth-century gunslinger heroes. Also appreciable is the author’s brief commentaries on racism, with a unique facility for embedding a sort of linguistic philosophy that are unique to Cooper. The book begins innocently enough, with an introduction that tells us that the setting is the third year of the French and Indian War. The author’s use of historical facts allows the reader to more vividly imagine what is being described, and allows Cooper to draw on the reader’s knowledge of the French and Indian War. Already, the specter of racism has â€Å"reared its ugly head†, as one of the characters of the book exhibits a stereotypical reaction to a Native American, one of both fascination and repulsion. This fear of Native Americans is what fueled, in part, the Jackson-era anti-Native American policies circa 1830. As the beginning of the book progresses, however, we see that Cooper may not be in favor of busting stereotypes; in fact, he may be responsible for quite a few of them. As the focus switches to Coopers beloved character, Hawkeye, the â€Å"cowboys and Indians† sentiment that so clearly defined the mid-nineteenth century manifests itself with great propensity. From gun-toting woodsmen to arrow-slinging Indians, Cooper’s use of broad stereotypes indicates he may have had a hand in creating an anti-Native American culture. His references to the numerous acts of savagery on the parts of the Native Americans are disturbing, and for the most part untrue. The frequent scalpings, the drinking of blood, and... Free Essays on Last Of The Mohicans Free Essays on Last Of The Mohicans From implausible, daring escapes to unrealistic accounts of the savagery of the Native Americans, James Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans emphasizes the â€Å"fiction† in historical fiction. The novel is comically littered with contradictory tones and gross inaccuracies in terms of frontier life, but in spite of the aforementioned, Cooper manages to convey his over-used American roughrider, Hawkeye, as a genuine model for nineteenth-century gunslinger heroes. Also appreciable is the author’s brief commentaries on racism, with a unique facility for embedding a sort of linguistic philosophy that are unique to Cooper. The book begins innocently enough, with an introduction that tells us that the setting is the third year of the French and Indian War. The author’s use of historical facts allows the reader to more vividly imagine what is being described, and allows Cooper to draw on the reader’s knowledge of the French and Indian War. Already, the specter of racism has â€Å"reared its ugly head†, as one of the characters of the book exhibits a stereotypical reaction to a Native American, one of both fascination and repulsion. This fear of Native Americans is what fueled, in part, the Jackson-era anti-Native American policies circa 1830. As the beginning of the book progresses, however, we see that Cooper may not be in favor of busting stereotypes; in fact, he may be responsible for quite a few of them. As the focus switches to Coopers beloved character, Hawkeye, the â€Å"cowboys and Indians† sentiment that so clearly defined the mid-nineteenth century manifests itself with great propensity. From gun-toting woodsmen to arrow-slinging Indians, Cooper’s use of broad stereotypes indicates he may have had a hand in creating an anti-Native American culture. His references to the numerous acts of savagery on the parts of the Native Americans are disturbing, and for the most part untrue. The frequent scalpings, the drinking of blood, and...

How to Make Water From Hydrogen and Oxygen

How to Make Water From Hydrogen and Oxygen Water is the common name for dihydrogen monoxide or H2O. The molecule is produced from numerous chemical reactions, including the synthesis reaction from its elements, hydrogen, and oxygen. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: 2 H2 O2 → 2 H2O How to Make Water In theory, its easy to make water from hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Mix the two gases together, add a spark or sufficient heat to provide the activation energy to start the reaction, and presto- instant water. Merely mixing the two gases at room temperature, however, wont do anything, like hydrogen and oxygen molecules in the air dont spontaneously form water. Energy must be supplied to break the covalent bonds that hold H2 and O2Â  molecules together. The hydrogen cations and oxygen anions are then free to react with each other, which they do because of their electronegativity differences. When the chemical bonds re-form to make water, additional energy is released, which propagates the reaction. The net reaction is highly exothermic, meaning a reaction that is accompanied by the release of heat. Two Demonstrations One common chemistry demonstration is to fill a small balloon with hydrogen and oxygen and to touch the balloon- from a distance and behind a safety shield- with a burning splint. A safer variation is to fill a balloon with hydrogen gas and to ignite the balloon in the air. The limited oxygen in the air reacts to form water but in a more controlled reaction. Yet another easy demonstration is to bubble hydrogen into soapy water to form hydrogen gas bubbles. The bubbles float because they are lighter than air. A long-handled lighter or burning splint at the end of a meter stick can be used to ignite them to form water. You can use hydrogen from a compressed gas tank or from any of several chemical reactions (e.g., reacting acid with metal). However you do the reaction, its best to wear ear protection and maintain a safe distance from the reaction. Start small, so that you know what to expect. Understanding the Reaction French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier named hydrogen, Greek for water-forming, based on its reaction with oxygen, another element Lavoisier named, meaning acid-producer. Lavoisier was fascinated by combustion reactions. He devised an apparatus to form water from hydrogen and oxygen to observe the reaction. Essentially, his setup employed two bell jars- one for hydrogen and one for oxygen- that fed into a separate container. A sparking mechanism initiated the reaction, forming water. You can construct an apparatus the same way as long as you are careful to control the flow rate of oxygen and hydrogen so that you dont try to form too much water at once. You also should use a heat- and shock-resistant container. Role of Oxygen While other scientists of the time were familiar with the process of forming water from hydrogen and oxygen, Lavoisier discovered the role of oxygen in combustion. His studies eventually disproved the phlogiston theory, which had proposed that a fire-like element called phlogiston was released from matter during combustion. Lavoisier showed that a gas must have mass for combustion to occur and that the mass was conserved following the reaction. Reacting hydrogen and oxygen to produce water was an excellent oxidation reaction to study because nearly all the mass of water comes from oxygen. Why We Cant Just Make Water? A 2006 report by the United Nations estimated that 20 percent of people on the planet dont have access to clean drinking water. If its so hard to purify water or desalinate sea water, you might be wondering why we dont just make water from its elements. The reason? In a word- BOOM! Reacting hydrogen and oxygen is basically burning hydrogen gas, except rather than using the limited amount of oxygen in the air, youre feeding the fire. During combustion, oxygen is added to a molecule, which produces water in this reaction. Combustion also releases a lot of energy. Heat and light are produced so quickly that a shock wave expands outward. Basically, you have an explosion. The more water you make at once, the bigger the explosion. It works for launching rockets, but youve seen videos where that went horribly wrong. The Hindenburg explosion is another example of what happens when a lot of hydrogen and oxygen get together. So, we can make water from hydrogen and oxygen, and chemists and educators often do- in small quantities. Its not practical to use the method on a large scale because of the risks and because its much more expensive to purify hydrogen and oxygen to feed the reaction than it is to make water using other methods, to purify contaminated water, or to condense water vapor from the air.

Virtue is spelled Virtue

Virtue is spelled Virtue Virtue is spelled Virtue Virtue is spelled Virtue By Maeve Maddox Looking for tips on how to remove wallpaper, I found this headline on the HGTV page: How to Remove Wallpaper: Patience Is a Virture Curious to see if this was a common misspelling, I did a Google search and came up with 133,000 hits for virture. Many of them were from comments and forums where people often type quickly and may be forgiven for typos. Most occurred in the adage patience is a virtue. However, numerous examples of the misspelling occur in contexts in which the correct spelling was almost certainly in front of the writers eyes. Is A Virture Bags, Tote Bags, Messenger Bags This example is from an ad selling printed tote bags. The bags are printed with a message that says something or other is a virtue. The word is spelled correctly on the bags, which are pictured under the misspelled header. I dont knowwhen they decidedto make a virture out of SELFISHNESS. This quotation, presumably copied from a speech, appears on a political ad. Interview with Ronald Sandler, Author of Character and Environment: A Virture-Oriented Approach to Environmental Ethics This heads an article at the Columbia University site. The title on the pictured book cover is Character and Environment: A virtue-oriented approach to environmental ethics. Love Is a Virture This is a photo caption under a picture of what appears to be a poster. The words Love is a Virtue are on the photo itself. Copying words correctly is a virtue. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingA While vs AwhileUsing Writing Bursts to Generate Ideas and Enthusiasm

Changing the Electoral College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Changing the Electoral College - Essay Example Electoral College is a process in which different executives are selected; this is done by the people of the state such that they choose a number of persons classified as electors. Further it is described that the elector is the one who participates in the electing of the executive. Why it is called as an Electoral College is because all these electors work as a unit in determining the executive. Thus in the early 1800's, this term Electoral College came into common usage as the informal label for the group of citizens selected to cast votes for President and Vice President. Selecting the Electors is an important task to be understood. However in the United States this process for selecting electors varies throughout. Usually, the political parties name electors at their State party conventions or by a central vote from the designated committee. Electors are often chosen to identify their service and commitment to their political party. The Electors may be State elected officials, party leaders, or even those person who have a political affiliation of some sort. Next the voters in each State opt for the electors on the day of the general election. As the procedure is different in each state therefore the electors' names may or may not be shown on the ballot below the name of the candidates running for President. Past Present Contrast In the present circumstances the Electoral College certainly operates in a different civilization from the one that present in 1787. Nevertheless the Electoral College has exposed an astounding capability to adapt to modern-day America. It may occasionally function in a different way than expected, but it still serves the political goals it was anticipated to serve. In truth, its process in modern times may be yet more valuable. Critics of the "Electoral College" charge that the country's presidential election procedure does more to constrict the rights of individuals than to shelter federalism. In this framework, they often refer to the winner-take-all system regulated by most states, claiming that it causes the votes of several individuals to be wasted. The 2000 election dispute As this dispute goes, it could be seen that a Texan who voted for Al Gore in the 2000 election wasted his ballot for the reason that George W. Bush was awarded the state's complete slate of electors due to the "winner-take-all" regime. In a direct accepted ballot vote, critics note, these votes would not have been wasted, they could have instead been integrated in the final national tally for Gore. Such points of views, however, are a bit untruthful. These votes were not wasted. They were merely transmitted on the losing side of a popular vote inside the state. For this argument, if the 2000 election had been carried out based on nationwide popular vote totals only, would people assert that any vote for George W. Bush was wasted just because Al Gore won the popular vote Surely this would not have been the case as the votes for Bush were cast in an attempt to win. Presidential Elections The main outcome of America's presidential election progression is to safeguard the liberty of individuals mainly those in small states and

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example Strict laws should be conceded, necessitating gun holders to be certified in the similar way car motorists are certified. Earning a license should entail a background checks, fingerprinting, and firearm safety teaching (Gold 49). Guns acquisitions should be limited to one month. Rigid consequences should be passed for stealing a gun. Gun traders should also be accredited, and obligated to pay an annual fee to run the gun business. People believe having a gun in the home makes the home a safe place. In contrast, scholars argue guns at home are five times more probable to murder a resident of the family than a burglar to the home. People say they are scared everybody has a gun, so they purchase one for themselves, for defense (Goss 54). It is intended to engage civilians to assist in the usage and control of firearms, especially to safeguard the minds of children, who experience gun violence at tender ages, and have no support. In some areas, many of the children assume to die brutally, possibly by a gunshot. United States children do not have the liberty to trust that one day they will be adults. Even though United States is one of the world’s lushest, toughest, ablest nations, the degree of gun violence points it out as not being one of the safest nations to live in (Carter 67). In addition, this project intends to shed lights on physical and emotional consequences of gun violence, suffered by the affected individuals and their families. Coming up with enhancement programs is one of its goals, programs which will synthesize voluntary spending time with victims of gun violence, and their families, in order to gain an insight of the well rounded consequences suffered by the whole community at large (Goss 71). Gun violence control will require community support (Gold 53). Developing young people skills and minds, and providing them an opportunity to actively live and participate in violence free, caring, and supportive society, is one of the aims of this project.

Dp# edmond Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dp# edmond - Assignment Example s the employers in not just understanding the potential employees but it also assist in protecting the welfare of their interest groups such as the current employees, partners, customers as well as financial regulations of the company (133). Information from social media ca help employers receive some insights about the potential employees which is particularly important in some jobs such as in day cares and hospitals that deals with minors. Information on shared on Facebook should never be private hence job applicant should ensure that private matters that they may not want people to be aware of, should never be shard on social media platforms. By seeking some information on social media, employers are able to minimize some risks associated with sensitive departments such as finance and administration (134). The case of Edmond can be strengthened by adding more examples of some of the jobs that require detailed background information on the life of the potential job seekers. By listing only one case lowers the backing of access to Facebook account by employers. Firms dealing with intelligence services need to have access to the Facebook accounts of their potential employees. This is because, the firms deal with very crucial matters that need not to be shared to the public owing to their great

Housing Estate in Cold-Water Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Estate in Cold-Water - Case Study Example This report pertains to the development of Cold waters housing initiative as apparent from the computer-graphed image above which will mean that the current map of the Cold-Water will have a large number of landscape changes made to it with a possible usage of land swaps and remodeling.At the outset it is possible to see from the graphically configured diagram of the Waterside View above it can be seen that it is not only a housing area but the inclusion of the aquatic leisure centre is all set to increase the commercial value of the estate. The plan is to focus upon terraced houses and low rise flats for an increase in the landscape beauty. The housing estate will be complete with a new leisure centre ,a public covered swimming pool, a training pool, and generous opportunities for gymnastic and sports activities. It is also planned that there will be two nearby single storey retail warehouses with expansive surface car parking for them and n restaurants/cafes with outside seating areas for the summer. All vehicle servicing will be underground. As mentioned before the housing plan includes a lot of low rise flats which will be around this commercial property and a liberal amount of landscaping will be provided from the dock area above. This area was formerly a low wage income area before the government too initiatives to bring out the commercial potential of this place. The residential housing is for both commercial and council purposes. There is a total of 55,600 sq m of residential housing available 60% of which is based on the PFI initiative and will be sold or leased back to the Local Government.The problem here is that due to the lack of labour etc there are likely to be delays in building which may cause fines being imposed upon the constructing firms.These delays may also be aggravated by the scientific protests going on. The idea for the commercial accommodation is feasible enough as the plan includes reasonably priced properties along with balconies and roof gardens and secure car-parking underground. The demographics, densities and styles around the locality and styles of local housing developments There are many neighbourhoods surrounding Cold water like as Steel Town, Chemical Town, Coal Town where is there is a rampant issue of economic decline and a change in function. New

Current Event Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Event Assignment - Essay Example At present, we are at 385 ppm and increasing at 2 ppm each year primarily because of burning of fossil fuels. Because of this, the global temperatures have slowly been rising. The scientists claim that previous observations of melting ice in the polar region and the discovered release of greenhouse gases from our warming soils and waters indicate that the deterioration in our atmosphere is now moving at a faster pace. â€Å"Once CO2 gas is released, a large fraction of it stays in the air for hundreds of years† (Krajik). These same scientists believe that the dreaded process is still reversible if emissions from coal would be eliminated by the year 2030. The use of alternative fuel sources would also contribute a great deal to slowing down the process of global warming. Geoengineering solutions, which are said to artificially remove 50 ppm of carbon dioxide from our atmosphere, would cost a hefty amount of money. Directing said funds to reforestation would yield similar results. Our present age of industrialization has plunged our world into this environmental crisis and â€Å"the greatest danger is continued ignorance and denial, which would make tragic consequences unavoidable." (Sato & Karetcha as quoted by Krajik). The article presents a grim picture of our environment. Where before, our thoughts were in sparing the following generation of the effects of global warming, the article now points out that the devastating effects of global warming is something that our present generation may suffer. The article pointedly brings to our attention the alarming levels of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, and how these levels are speedily rising. We have no one to blame but ourselves with this grim occurrence. The strides that our industries have taken in the past few years have made us very vulnerable to global warming. Our demands for easier and

Starbucks Coffee Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks Coffee Company - Essay Example The organizational structure of Starbucks consists of the divisional and functional structures. It is also in a monopolistic competition where there are many coffeehouses competing with each other selling different product lines. A lot of companies are trying to win over Starbucks by developing a good marketing strategy focusing on the product mix and primarily the ambiance. It is the strategy of the company to serve the customers with high-quality products similar to its mission and lessen the expenses through highlighting the controllable expenses. Also, maintaining a good environment of the store is their strategy because it attracts loyal customers. The company focuses on high-margin items at the same time creating sales through additional items. The capital and costs structure of Starbucks falls into a low to average budget in every location and its major investments are the property and most importantly the equipment used in the store. The company yields its primary operating costs on labor or employment and cost sales. Thus, the budget of the company goes into its products and equipment mainly and no costs are allotted to advertise the company separately. Accordingly, the company is confident with its ongoing profitability most especially on doing international business. Other competitors such as McDonald’s, which is adding premium roast coffee on their product line, is not a threat to the company because Starbucks has established its brand to be the largest coffeehouse in the world and produces high- quality products.

Question answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question answer - Assignment Example These medical conditions and behaviors weaken the heart muscle, hence causing heart failure. One can be at the risk of having chronic congestive heart failure by smoking, being overweight or obese, being physically inactive, and having high blood cholesterol levels (Jeffrey & Ryan, 2007). All of these risk factors can be prevented or reduced to some certain degree. However, age is a risk factor for chronic congestive heart failure that cannot be prevented. When one approaches 75 years, the heart muscles become stiffer and less efficient: a natural consequence of aging (Jeffrey & Ryan, 2007). Causes of chronic heart failure such as high blood pressure and heart attacks become prominent from midlife onwards. Therefore, people age, they become more at risk of having chronic congestive heart failure (Jeffrey & Ryan, 2007). Fluid that goes back into the lungs causes the victim to cough. This backing up of fluid is encouraged when lying down. When sitting up straight, less fluid backs up into the lung, improving the condition (Trelogan, 2011). Liver and kidney failure can also be associated with this symptom. Accumulation of fluid in the feet happens when there has been prolonged standing. This happens because of fluid retention (Trelogan, 2011). Systolic heart failure: depressed and dilated left and/or right ventricle with low ejection fraction; diastolic heart failure: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) normal but left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and abnormal diastolic filling patterns (Jeffrey & Ryan, 2007). Laboratory testing may reveal important heart failure aetiologies, the presence of disorders or conditions that can lead to or exacerbate heart failure; laboratory testing could also reveal important modulators of therapy (Jeffrey & Ryan, 2007). Laboratory testing may reveal important heart failure aetiologies, the presence of disorders or conditions

Security and Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Security and Risk Management - Essay Example A good and well thought out research project should follow a definite plan taking into account the following steps: (Denscombe, 2010: 321)  Ã‚   1.  Define the research question or what the objective of the research is.2.  Look up relevant and current sources of information from print and online sources like books, magazines, blog and forum comments and social media.3.  Determine and specify what the research will and will not cover i.e. boundaries of the project. 4.  Reevaluate the research question based on the nature and extent of information you have gathered and the boundaries of the research project. 5.  Select the most appropriate investigative methods and research tools depending on the type of research. 6.  Plan how you will go about the entire research project.7.  Begin to get the relevant information from libraries, interviews, surveys etc using the variety of methods at your disposal. 8.  Refine the search strategy if needed. 9.  Keep writing and organ izing data and notes critical and useful to writing out the research report. This also helps to keep track of all sources.10.  Evaluate the sources using appropriate criteria.11.  Synthesize, analyze and integrate information sources and prior knowledge about the subject area before writing the research report. 12.  Revise the hypothesis if needed. 13.  Begin working on the report using the gathered information effectively so that it meets the specific objectives that the report was needed for. 14. Keep in mind the rights to ownership of information, cost to collect the information and avoid plagiarism. 15. We have a duty to cite properly all the sources we have used, so that intellectual copyright is maintained and due credit is given for the sources of ideas. A Critical Review and Analysis of the Report on Shoplifting Presented by the Security Manager Working at the Large Departmental Store We will now review the research report on the issue of shoplifting prepared by the Security Manager of the large departmental store. Statement of the Problem: As noted, the first part of the research report, namely the Introduction, should clearly state the purpose and scope of the research, the research objectives or what the researcher is trying to prove or disprove regarding a particular topic. Though the topic of the research is stated, i.e. shoplifting, the security manager seeks to limit the purpose of the report by stating that it is only concerned with why the problem of shoplifting is occurring in the department store where he has been hired. He is not concerned with the general reasons for shoplifting, or what previous studies or reviews have found about this problem. By restricting its purpose and scope, it is only likely to be useful to the present management of the store, if at all. Secondly, since it appears to him that customers are the likely

Crusading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crusading - Essay Example Thus, the crusade indulgence initially was identical to that ensured by the pilgrimage to the Holy places. The Crusades, which meant fighting for the defence of Christians, came to be considered as a work of piety. Political and military success was of little importance. Pope Urban II solemnly proclaimed the first crusade at the council of Clermont on 27th Nov. 1095 with a double objective, namely to relieve the pressure of the Seljuk Turks on the Eastern Empire and to secure free access to Jerusalem for pilgrims since the latter were abused and robbed by the Moslems and Arabs. He promised full remission of sins to all joining in the expedition. This call was in response to Alexius I call for help (Alexius Byzantine emperor - Byzantine Empire under attack from the Turks). This crusade was the most successful from the military point from the military point. The historian Raymond Agiles describing the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099 wrote ''that some of our men cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others tortured them longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men and horses. However, these were small matters compared to what happened at the temple of Solomon, a place where religious services were ordinarily chanted. What happened there If I tell the truth, it will exceed your powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this much at least, that in the temple and portico of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins.''1 The Crusades took on a new meaning later on. It became a military expedition and no longer a pilgrimage of unarmed pilgrims. The Church moved away from the sole aim of the crusades which was the liberation of the Holy Land from the invasion of the Turks and it began using the Crusades to serve the church's own interest. Preaching of crusades became a device used by the church against the enemy states of the church. Personal enemies of the churches high-powered officials were sent on pilgrimages with the hope that you do not come back however, the means by which your death is brought about. The crusades increased the powers of European kings in that a number of barons who had given them trouble were sent to the east. Holy wars were authorised by the Popes in defence of the Christendom and the church. The crusades were used to defend the church against the infidels in the East, Germany and Spain, against heretics (Albigenses) and schematics who threatened catholic unity and against Christian lay powers who opposed the papacy. They were also used to defend the Papal States. The crusades started with a religious reason but it deteriorated to selfish reasons. These could be attributed to many reasons. The Papal States had to protect its territories from invasion by other states so it used the crusades as a papal military defence operation to defend these territories and the

Why is bureaucracys relationship to democracy so conflicted Essay

Why is bureaucracys relationship to democracy so conflicted - Essay Example Bureaucracy and democracy are independent in their application to governance but are closely interconnected in a distinctive way. They operate alongside each other but in different directions, with democracy being associated with values such as equality, involvement and independence while bureaucracy supports hierarchy, division of labour and objectivity. This paper discusses why bureaucracy’s relationship to democracy is conflicted. Managerial excellence and participation in governance are significant backgrounds of public perception with regards to bureaucracy and democracy. The people’s view of the accomplishments of the public sector influences their democratic ideals for instance confidence in government and its agencies as well as their effective participation in public affairs. Managerial excellence is influenced by human resource characteristics and is interpreted differently by stakeholders among them the public who are the major clients of the government. Bureaucracy is focused on attaining managerial excellence in the public domain to enhance the accomplishments of democratically elected governments (DuGay, 2000). In this view, the two concepts have a strong interplay because the power to elect governments is vested in the people while on the other hand the elected government needs to establish an efficient bureaucratic system to offer services to the public. It requires effective and competent decisions and leadership qualities for the goals of a bureaucratic system to be realised. This includes maintaining high quality workforce established through meritocracy and professionalism. Managers in the bureaucratic system must promote the ideals of the elected government that represents the people. The public expects transparency and accountability in government that is reflected by its employees. Employees are also expected to maintain innovativeness and creativity to effectively solve problems affecting the