One of the Most Incredibly Ignored Answers for Fit Supplement Essay Samples

One of the Most Incredibly Ignored Answers for Fit Supplement Essay Samples Your persuasive essay needs to have a very clear plan, which will provide you an opportunity to center on the most important elements of the work and put aside all of the minor arguments. This kind of assignment calls for a substantial quantity of time and wonderful exertion. Third, buying a persuasive model essay is very good for your academic and professional future, as you're more likely to get the outcomes you're seekinga superior grade, for instance, or the capacity to graduate earlier. You may be struggling with a tricky project and lacking the bandwidth necessary to compose a terrific persuasive essay. A persuasive essay calls for a very clear thesis defining your stance and solid facts to back up your position. Persuasive essay format differs in every specific scenario, even though it has some common facets. Use some intriguing paragraphs. Don't just think about this as a summary. See if y ou were able to boost your essays clarity and enhance your style. Brackets and exclamation marks aren't encouraged. Essentially, individuals buy models of persuasive essays since they aren't professional writers themselves. Leave no doubt in regard to what you're attempting to persuade your reader of. Accordingly, by working with one of our writers, you will be receiving assistance from a true expert and an essay that's compelling and convincing. The issue with modern writing styles is that the majority of authors do not appear to pay enough attention to readers' expectations. In the end, you should choose a topic which inspires you but which also supplies you with a broad selection of materials to research. Click the category, and you'll see all the available samples. As you already see from the aforementioned persuasive essay samples, these forms of papers can be quite different. Fit Supplement Essay Samples - Overview Downloading numerous samples and templates on a particular topic can help you to comprehend the subject, to observe how every section needs to be completed and to locate new tips for your own work! The next four tips are especially important. On the internet, an individual can come across limitless guides and ideas about how to compose a paper. You need to read the example answers to acquire ideas about what are good kinds of answers and what are bad varieties of answers. Up in Arms About Fit Supplement Essay Samples? You don't need to return to school to prepare for the GED test. Students' essays appear to provide the teacher a chance to comprehend the level of mastering a topic by the student. GED Online enables you to prepare for the GED test by utilizing online classes and practice tests. Practice tests are the best method to acquire ready. Fit Supplement Essay Samples - the Conspiracy Because every persuasive essay differs, there is absolutely no persuasive essay outline template. If there aren't any particular requirements, you merely should make your essay as clear and good-looking as possible. One of the most usual and reliable m ethods of understanding how to compose a persuasive essay is to use a sample. There are lots of persuasive essay examples readily available online and you'll be able to access them to find out more about exactly what this kind of essay is about. The amount of the essay can fluctuate in line with the requirements, but you are able to look about our persuasive writing examples to comprehend what volume your essay should have. Persuasive essays can be difficult to write, especially when you're in the fourth grade. Alternatively, you must use it in order to explain why you've written the essay in the very first location. Essay help per page where to purchase superior essays persuasive essay i really enjoy the notion of a few examples to reference for the very same topic. Here's What I Know About Fit Supplement Essay Samples Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. They need to think and understand the issue and choose the side they want to advocate and support. It's not that hard to come across persuasive essay examples college students are able to make use of (in other words, if we're talking about inspiration, not downright plagiarism). There are many persuasive essay examples college stu dents are able to make use of online. New Ideas Into Fit Supplement Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Deciding on the arguments, reasons, and facts that you wish to put in your essay involves lots of careful consideration. Numerous UFO sighting reports can be thought to be a significant bit of evidence in favor of the presence of extraterrestrial life. 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Departments Differ from People-Oriented Departments free essay sample

There are a number of differences between action-oriented and people-oriented HRM departments. One of the most distinctive differences lays in the approach that each of the different methods take to the role of human resources. Its important to note that a good HRM department is both people and action-oriented. An action-oriented HRM is one that seeks to further the organization by solving problems through taking actions. These actions are typically resolved based on a set of rational actions and not on a set of strict policies and procedures. The action-oriented department is all about people and how the HRM department can work to solve the problems of those individuals. An example would be an HRM team that has a recruiting department that is focused simply on bringing in new individuals to the organization. The lack of standard record keeping doesnt mean that adequate records are not kept it simply means that the department is focused primarily on progress and not on procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Departments Differ from People-Oriented Departments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An example of a company that falls under an action-oriented HRM is Exxon Mobile. The difference in the people-oriented HRM department is that the entire focus of the HR team is on the individual and how those individuals can benefit the organization. It takes a slightly different approach as it is more proactive than reactive. The reason is that a people-oriented HRM department focuses on the talents and skills of individuals in the organization and how those skills can best be used in the organization. By matching employees and skills to problems that must be addressed within the organization the HRM team serves to provide a strategic advantage in that HRM is leading rather than simply dealing with reactionary problems or employees who may be unhappy in their current roles. An example of people-oriented HRM is the assessment of individual skills by which assignments will be presented. A good company example of people-oriented HRM is Apple Computer. While both methods are valid they do take a different approach to how HRM is handled. The method that is used will be determined by the senior HRM director which will set the role of HRM and how it will be managed in the individual organization. Finally, it should be noted that action-oriented and people-oriented HRM are not mutually exclusive and some organizations may function better with one method over another depending on the type of business.

Feministic Theory for Intellectual and Political Controversies

Question: Discuss about theFeministic Theory for Intellectual and Political Controversies. Answer: The concept of feminism is a recent innovation and has been designed specifically to incorporate the changing power dynamics in the present day society. In the opinion of Judith Butler articulated in her famous work Gender Trouble, Gender is a just a social construct which was designed with the objective to maintain the power balance in the society between the male and the female gender (Butler 1990). However, it is significant to note that in the present times this particular status quo has undergone much transformation and the changing roles which the women are playing in the society is a reflection of this particular fact. This essay will try to find the relevance of the Feministic Standpoint Theory in the field of the modern cannon of feministic theories. The Feministic Standpoint Theory is one of the most famous theories of the feministic genre and was developed due to the efforts and the researches of Dorothy Smith, a follower of Karl Marx. According to this particular theory, feminist social science should be practiced from the standpoint of women or particular groups of women, as some scholars (e.g. Patricia Hill Collins and Dorothy Smith) say that they are better equipped to understand some aspects of the world (Harding 2004). The primary strength of this particular theory is the fact that it articulates for the need of the active participation of the women in the formulation of the theory and as the need to formulate the various feminist social science from the standpoint of the women. The weakness of this theory can be said to be fat that this particular theory takes into consideration only the sphere of the social science and not the other spheres. Narayan, U., 2004. The project of feminist epistemology: Perspectives from a nonwestern feminist.The feminist standpoint theory reader: Intellectual and political controversies, pp.213-224. The article The project of feminist epistemology: perspectives from a nonwestern feminist by the authors McCann and Seung-Kyung gives an overview of the concept of feminist epistemology and its various related aspects. The major focus of the article is on the nonwestern feministic perspectives and the role which they play in the genre of feminist epistemology. In the opinion of the authors, the concept of feminist epistemology has gained a considerable amount of significance in the recent times with the rise of the various theories related to the genre of feminism (Narayan 2004) Crowley, H. and Himmelweit, S., 1992. Knowing Women Feminism and Knowledge.. The article What is feminist theory? by the authors Crowley and Himmelweit discusses about the various modern theories related to the genre of feminism. The major focus of the authors in this particular article is on finding out the key features of the various feminist theories and the role which men play in the same process (Crowley and Himmelweit 1992). Furthermore, the authors are of the opinion that since the traditional times the men have subverted the various theories related to the genre of feminism and have presented it in a form which is totally anti-feministic in its outline. Harding, S., 2004. Introduction: Standpoint theory as a site of political, philosophic, and scientific debate. The author Sandra Harding in the article Introduction: Standpoint theory as a site of political, philosophic, and scientific debate gives a pertinent account of the Standpoint Theory related to the genre of feminism and also the various precepts of this particular theory. The author in this particular theory tries to introduce the readers to the basic precepts of this theory and also the contemporary political, philosophic, and scientific debate which surrounds this particular theory of feminism (Harding 2004). Tyagi, R., 2014. Understanding postcolonial feminism in relation with postcolonial and feminist theories.International Journal of Language and Linguistics,1(2), pp.45-50. The author Dr. Ritu Tyagi in the article Understanding Postcolonial Feminism in relation with Postcolonial and Feminist Theories gives an overview of the postcolonial interpretations of the various feministic theories. In the recent times the various theories related to the genre of post colonialism has gained significance and it is a reflection of this that the various theories of feminism are being analyzed thorough the lens of this particular field of study (Tyagi 2014). Sandberg, L., 2013. Affirmative old age-the ageing body and feminist theories on difference.International Journal of Ageing and Later Life,8(1), pp.11-40. The article Affirmative old age the ageing body and feminist theories on difference by the author Linn Sandberg discusses about the various feministic discourses related to the old age and ageing among the women. The major focus of this particular article is on the feministic interpretation of the various discourses related to the concepts of the old and ageing among the women in terms of the feministic theories (Sandberg 2013). To conclude, the genre of feminism has undergone a significant transformation in the recent times. This is a reflection of the formulation as well as the development of the various theories related to the genre of feminism and its related precincts. It is significant to note that in the traditional times the various theories related to the genre of feminism were interpreted in anti-feministic terms and it is only recently with the emergence of the various opinions as well as theories related to the concept of feminism that this particular genre has attained significance. References Butler, J., 1990. Gender trouble and the subversion of identity.New York and London: Routledge. Crowley, H. and Himmelweit, S., 1992. Knowing Women Feminism and Knowledge. ISBN- 0745609759 Harding, S., 2004. Introduction: Standpoint theory as a site of political, philosophic, and scientific debate. ISBN- 0415945003 Narayan, U., 2004. The project of feminist epistemology: Perspectives from a nonwestern feminist.The feminist standpoint theory reader: Intellectual and political controversies, pp.213-224. Sandberg, L., 2013. Affirmative old age-the ageing body and feminist theories on difference.International Journal of Ageing and Later Life,8(1), pp.11-40. Tyagi, R., 2014. Understanding postcolonial feminism in relation with postcolonial and feminist theories.International Journal of Language and Linguistics,1(2), pp.45-50.

Applied Business Ethics Ethical Issues

Question: Discuss about the Applied Business Ethicsfor Ethical Issues. Answer: Introduction As mentioned by the scholars, the idea of ethical dilemma in the commercial set up can involve a number of issues. Here, for the successful completion of this essay, I have chosen the ethical dilemma or the conflict of interests occurs between the purposes of the stakeholders and the shareholders in the context of performing the corporate social responsibility, which I have experienced in my professional career, as a business consultant of a company. In the context of business ethics, ethical issues take place when discretionary decisions can be judged by the principles derived from the idea of good and bad. In the business context, one of the major conflicts arises regarding the purpose of business (Constantinescu Kaptein, 2015). As mentioned by the business experts, the prime responsibility of the management is to serve the interest of the stakeholders, which is concerned to the idea of profit maximization (Schlegelmilch, 2016). However, the essence of the corporate social responsibility advocates that the business organizations needs to take any strategic decision based on the expectations related to the economic, legal, philanthropic and ethical concerns. Thus, it essentially contradicts the conventional purpose of business. Moreover, with the changed focus of the business strategies the CSR creates an ethical dilemma (Andersen, Nielsen Hvring, 2017). In my company, as a consultant I faced such an issue. The company has to invest on CSR initiatives as I had to maintain a sustainable relationship with its stakeholders like the employees, society and government. However, the shareholders were strictly opposing the managements decision of investing in CSR. With a view oriented to the societal good, importance of CSR cannot be ignored. With every organizational strategy the companies make some essential impact upon the society, employees and the ecology as well (Constantinescu Kaptein, 2015). Moreover, the growth of the business is also dependent on the inputs collected by these stakeholders. Hence, it is important for them to incorporate the CSR. The management had successfully identified this responsibility and wanted to invest in the CSR activities for conducting a sustainable business. However, the idea of CSR strikes the liability of the management to the shareholders who have invested in the Company by trusting the management with the assurance of profit. The shareholders claimed that they invested in the company with the aim of making profit, not for philanthropy. They also threatened to their investment in occurrence of such a contribution of the company. Thus, CSR was creating a dilemma regarding the responsibility to stakehol ders and shareholders (Kowalski, 2016). Justification of Considering it as an Ethical Dilemma in a Business Situation: As mentioned by the scholars, the idea of ethical dilemma can be identified as a complex and conflicting situation that involves moral and emotional factors and last but not the least the issues related to the responsibility or liabilities. As discussed by the business experts, the idea of corporate social responsibility largely supports the key concerns of the business ethics (Schlegelmilch, 2016). It advocates the performance of the responsibilities towards the greater society. As discussed by the philosophers, the utilitarianism theory states that an action is right if it leads to the most happiness of the greatest number of people. The idea of corporate social responsibility involves the assurance of well being of the greater society, which is essentially larger than the organizational management or its shareholders (Filosof, Hollinshead Kurinko, 2015). Hence, the managements decision of investing in the CSR activities can be claimed as right under the light of this ethical theory. On the other hand, the theory of ethical egoism states that there is only one ultimate principle of conduct- the principle of self-interest (DesJardins, 2014). Hence, in the commercial context, the self interest of a business organization is profit maximization. Hence, with the ideology of this normative theory the business organization can avoid the performance of CSR. In the context of my organization, the shareholders were asking for their self interest. Moreover, according to this particular theory, the management was making an unethical step by ignoring its self interest of profit making and investing in philanthropy. However, the key proposal of corporate social responsibility supports the idea generated by the theory of enlightened egoism. As discussed by the scholars, the philosophy of enlightened egoism states that acting in a certain way that helps others, an individual is likely to help himself (Kowalski, 2016). Here, in the context of CSR, the companies mainly follow this strategy to maintain a good relation with the community and decrease their impacts upon the society and environment to obtain a sustainable business environment within that society. Thus, the enlightened egoism thus supports CSR with the idea of providing sustainable return (Constantinescu Kaptein, 2015). However, it was not essentially clear to our shareholders and they were consistently identifying the lack of strategic profit in the decision of investment in CSR. On the other hand, philosophers have argued that the CSR needs to be performed with the idea of Kants categorical imperatives. This particular theory advocates any act should be done with the sake of duty only. According to Kant, categorical imperative is the only good way to act and without any expectation of reward (Bowie, 2013). Hence, performing CSR with the objective of shareholders return is unethical in its approach. However, as per the ideology of Kant, an act needs to be performed with the idea of good will which is the act for the sake of duty. Duty must not be judged on the consequences. Thus, the categorical imperative of Kant supports CSR as it is the duty of the commercial organizations (Patrus et al., 2013). Now, this philosophical idea made me concerned. I personally was against the idea of investing on the CSR for ensuring sustainable growth to the company. I believed that the management needs to do it as it is our responsibility to the society and the employees. Here, the stakeholders theory can be identified as one of the major supporting ethical ground for CSR. As mentioned by this theory, a business is behaving ethically if profits are generated for the stakeholders (Fernando Lawrence, 2014). As per the stakeholders theory, the major units of a company do not only include the shareholder, but the stakeholders too, and without their input, a company cannot success in the market (Brown Forster, 2013). Hence, the organizational strategies and its performance need to be directed in favour of its stakeholders like, society, employees and suppliers. Hence, I supported the idea of investing in the CSR as I found it an ethical business model. In addition to this, the Virtue ethics propounded by Aristotle, states that the function of human beings is to use their reason in pursuit of the good lives or virtuous lives (McGhee, 2013). This virtue ethics advocates that it is important to not only doing the right thing, but also to have right outlook, motivation and sentiment in doing the good thing and being good (Idowu, Capaldi Zu, 2013). Hence, doing the CSR act is not enough for the companies, they need to be guided with only the ideas like benevolence, humanity, generosity and honesty. Thus, various philosophical theories have discussed the CSR with diversified ideas, which has created an essential conflict among the ideologies and an ethical dilemma for the organizations. In my professional context, I was advocating the idea of investing in the CSR activities and providing consultation in favour of this idea, whereas the shareholders were opposing my thought, which put the management in a major operational dilemma. Ethical Solutions Proposed: Now it is important for the organizations to resolve this dilemma. In such a context of ethical dilemma, the companies can opt for either performing or not performing the corporate social responsibility. As mentioned by various scholars, the main purpose of an organization is to ensuring profit for which the shareholders have invested and put their trust upon the management. In the philosophical context, the theories like ethical egoism supports this option of ignoring the performance of the corporate social responsibility. As mentioned by the philosophers, this normative theory states that each person ought to pursue his or her own self interest exclusively. Now, as mentioned by Milton Friedman, the exclusive duty of a commercial organization is to maximize its profit count (Schlegelmilch, 2016). Hence, the companies need to drop the idea of CSR as it creates a stress upon the financial base of the company and cut down the share of the shareholders. However, the supports of CSR like me argue that corporate social responsibility is the right way of conducting a business organization. In such a context, as mentioned by the theory of Ethical egoism, there is only one ultimate principle of conduct is to behaving in such a manner so that self interest can be ensured (Idowu, Capaldi Zu, 2013). Hence, under the theory of ethical egoism, being a commercial org anization, the business institutions need to concentrate upon the benefits of the shareholders. On the other hand, the companies can opt for performing the CSR activities. A number of ethical theories support this idea of the performance of the CSR activities. The stakeholders theory states that there is a significant responsibility towards the stakeholders form the managements end. Hence, the companies need to exercise the CSR activities. On the other hand, the utilitarianism theory states that the dilemma of choosing the right path of behaving needs to be evaluated with the options outcome in creating greater good. The idea of Act Utilitarianism states that an action is good if its effect produce more happiness than unhappiness (Filosof, Hollinshead Kurinko, 2015). Hence, the companies can create a greater happiness among the stakeholders by ignoring the small scale financial interest of the shareholders. The ideology of utilitarianism supports CSR as an ethical way of behaving. Hence, the above discussion creates a favourable decision for the performance of the CSR activities. Moreover, in the modern business context, the companies are legally bound to exercise the CSR activities (Schlegelmilch, 2016). Hence, the organizations do not have much option to avoid its requirements for performing corporate social responsibility. Hence, my company and the management had no option left but to perform the CSR activities. However, they were in a constant concern about the threat of the shareholders. In such a context, the theory of enlightened egoism provided a practical ground for CSR. As mentioned by this theory, people needs to behave ethically to ensure own happiness. Here, the management needs to identify the ways of performing CSR, which in turn provides a long term benefit for the organizations sustainable operation. With such a long term vision, the investment to the CSR activities can be supported by the shareholders. The CSR activities largely involve strategies like philanthropy, managing the business according to the social norms of the community, employee benefits and many more (Fernando Lawrence, 2014). As mentioned by the business experts, maintaining the social norms, uplifting the communities or ensuring the benefits of the employees, the organizations become able to ensure a long-term business, as these provides an environment without any agitation from the stakeholders end (Patrus et al., 2013). Moreover, the idea of ethical egoism will provide a positive image to the organization. With the CSR activities, the companies become able to create a favourable image into the mind of the customers, which increases their business potential (Kowalski, 2016). Thus, the enlightened egoism provides a long term benefit for the company with CSR. As a consultant, I used this idea of enlightened egoism and talked to the shareholders of the company. I put a big picture before them and made them realize how not investing in CSR may ruin these future ideas of business expansion and increased profit by creating opposition from the society and government. Moreover, I made them realize how we can use our CSR investment step as a promotional campaign for making the brand more popular and loved by the customers. It helped me to earn the shareholders support in investing on the CSR and eliminating the dilemma of the management. References: Andersen, S. E., Nielsen, A. E., Hvring, C. M. (2017). Communicative Dilemmas of CSR: Towards an Integrative Framework of CSR Communication. In Handbook of Integrated CSR Communication (pp. 51-69). Springer International Publishing. Bowie, N. E. (2013). Kantian themes. In Business ethics in the 21st century (pp. 47-71). Springer Netherlands. Brown, J. A., Forster, W. R. (2013). CSR and stakeholder theory: A tale of Adam Smith. Journal of business ethics, 112(2), 301-312. Constantinescu, M., Kaptein, M. (2015). CSR Standards and Corporate Ethical Virtues: A Normative Inquiry into the Way Corporations Integrate Stakeholder Expectations. In Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance (pp. 159-180). Springer International Publishing. DesJardins, J. R. (2014). Doing Well by Doing Good: Distinguishing the Right from the Good in Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility. In Christian Ethics and Corporate Culture (pp. 101-111). Springer International Publishing. Fernando, S., Lawrence, S. (2014). A theoretical framework for CSR practices: integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory. Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, 10(1), 149-178. Filosof, J., Hollinshead, G., Kurinko, R. (2015). CSR in Ukraine: cynical utilitarianism or Aristotelian common good?. Idowu, S. O., Capaldi, N., Zu, L. (2013). Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kowalski, R. (2016). A logical response to corporate social responsibility. Environment and Social Psychology, 2(1). McGhee, P. (2013). Virtue Ethics and CSR. In Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility (pp. 2666-2674). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Patrus, R., de Carvalho Neto, A. M., Coelho, H. M. Q., de Sousa Teodsio, A. D. S. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility and labor relations: a research agenda about internal stakeholders management in UN's global compact signatory corporations/Empresarial e Relaes de Trabalho: programa de pesquisa sobre gerenciamento dos stakeholders de empresas signatrias do pacto global da ONU/Responsabilidad Social Corporativa y relaciones laborales: agenda de estudio sobre la gestin interna de los stakeholders en corporaciones signatarias del pacto mundial de la ONU. Revista Brasileira de Gesto de Negcios, 15(46), 22. Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2016). Global Marketing Ethics and CSR. In Global Marketing Strategy (pp. 195-220). Springer International Publishing.

Sample Essay For Matriculation Student

Sample Essay For Matriculation StudentIf you want to impress your school or college admissions officer, you need to write a sample essay for matriculation student. This is a way of showing them that you are prepared to succeed in your college or university and that you have learned all you can about the subject matter. A good essay will be able to show your school or college officer that you have taken the time to understand the rules and regulations concerning your program of study and you have implemented your knowledge in your essay.When it comes to writing an essay, the first thing you should do is decide on what type of essay you are going to write and then you will want to organize it in a way that will help you when it comes to making your own document. Most students struggle with this and get lost in the process, but they need to start with a document that can be organized by topic and organized by sections so that you will be able to find your own particular essay topics at a glance.The first thing you should do when writing an essay is to decide on the topic. Your topic must be written clearly and coherently so that you will not forget what you needed to write about. You can research the topic, whether it is a literature topic or something else. Once you know what you want to write about, you can begin to write the essay.The second thing you should do is decide on the section of the essay you will be writing. These sections will vary depending on your course and the requirements in your program. Some of the sections you may write include: introduction, argument, conclusion, body, and conclusion. The introduction will give readers an idea of what type of institution or college you will be attending, while the argument will give them an idea of how you feel about the institution or college and the conclusion will summarize everything you learned and provide the reader with the information they need to make a decision on your matriculation.The body of th e essay is the last section and is the one you should spend the most time on. The body should be well structured and provide a summary of what you learned in your introduction. The conclusion should state your goal for matriculation.If you know what you are going to write about, the process of organizing your essay will be easier. Before you start, however, you should make sure you have a general idea of what you are going to write about. This will help you organize your writing so that it flows smoothly.After you have decided on the topic and the sections of the essay, you should decide which format you will use. In most cases, the order of writing a paper follows a standard format and this means that you will write the body and introduction, move onto the body and argument, and then go back and finish your conclusion.If you struggle with writing an essay, then you need to take the time to learn how to organize your writing. Learn how to organize your writing so that you can write well and impress your admissions officer.

A visit to Ashford hospital Essay Example

A visit to Ashford hospital Essay Example A visit to Ashford hospital Essay A visit to Ashford hospital Essay Essay Topic: The Visit On the 11th March 2002 we visited the Ashford hospital where we were shown the x-ray department and a radiographer who gave us a talk for about an hour and a half. In my report I will include most of the aspects in x-rays and at last two in detail, starting from the basic definition of an x-ray to how and why we use them to the effects of x-rays.First it is important to know what an x-ray is: x-rays are high photon energy (that is to say short-wavelength) electromagnetic radiation. They are used in medicine both for diagnosis (radiography) and for therapy (radiotherapy). It is not possible either to reflect or to refract x-rays and therefore x-rays cannot be focused.There are three types of radiation from radioactive materials: Alpha (?), Beta (?), Gamma (?).The term radiotherapy refers to the treatment of a medical condition (usually cancer) by means of X-ray, Y-rays or beams of energetic electrons. X-ray radiotherapy falls in to two main classes-superficial therapy and megavoltage (or MV) therapy.Superficial therapy is used to treat conditions of the skin and surface tissues. The tube voltages employed are such that the X-rays have low penetrating power and therefore cause littlie damage to the healthy tissue beneath the area being treated.Megavoltage therapy is used to treat the condition inside your body and has almost completely replaced the lower voltage techniques once used for this purpose. The electrons used to create the X-ray are accelerated to the enormous energies required in a linear accelerator (LINAC).Advantages of MV Therapy- It decreases the damage sustained by the patients skin. The beam is so penetrating that hardly any of its energy is absorbed by the skin and surface tissues.- It reduces damage to the bone.Rotating BeamsThe purpose of radiotherapy is to destroy malignant (i.e Cancer) cells whilst doing as little damage as possible to the healthy tissue and bone around them. One way of achieving this is to aim the beam at the tumor from a n umber of different directions, i.e. to rotate it about the tumor. This technique is known as multiple beam or rotating-beam therapy and produces a considerable cumulative effect at the tumor but a much-reduced effect everywhere else.Treatment PlanningAny amount of radiation is potentially harmful to the person being exposed to it and therefore it is important that the following considerations are taken into account.- The likely benefits of exposure to radiation must outweigh the risks involved.- The radiation does must be the minimum consistent with obtaining good quality images or destroying malignant cells.- It must not be possible to obtain equally useful information by less risky methods.- The beam must be collimated so that only part of the body that needs to be exposed is exposed.- Increasing the PD across an X-ray tube increases the penetrating power of the X-rays produced but it decreases the proportion of the beam that is attenuated by photoelectric absorption, and therefor e decreases the contrast of the X-ray image. The PD should be high enough to produce the required degree of penetration but not so that there is insufficient contrast. Another consequence of increasing the tube voltage is that it increases the energy, and therefore the penetrating power, of the scattered radiation. This increases the likelihood of the patient receiving a significant radiation dose in parts of the body some distance away from the part being exposed intentionally. It also increases the chance of scattered radiation escaping from the patient a potential hazard to hospital staff in the vicinity.- The radiographer must employ good techniques so that repeat exposures are not required. (This is an important consideration when assessing just what is the minimum dose an underestimating would necessitate a second exposure and therefore an overall increase in dose.)A metal filament (usually tungsten) is heated and some of the electrons acquire sufficient thermal energy to es cape from the surface. The higher the temperature the filament is heated to, the greater the number of electrons that are in effect boiled off. This filament forms the negative cathode. These electrons are accelerated across an evacuated X-ray tube towards the positive anode by a large voltage that is applied across the tube.These electrons strike the anode where 99 % of their energy is converted to heat with less than 1 % resulting in X-radiation. One theory, which is very important to the theory behind X-ray, is the Band theory.The continuous background (or bremsstrahlung radiation) is produced by electrons colliding with the target and being decelerated. The energy of the emitted X-ray quantum is equal to the energy lost in the deceleration. An electron may lose any fraction of its energy in this process. The most energetic X-rays (ie. Those whose wavelength is ?min). X-rays with longer wavelengths are the result of electrons losing less than their total energy.The line spectrum is the result of electron transitions within the atoms of the target material. The electrons that bombard the target are very energetic (100keV) and are capable of knocking electrons out of deep-lying energy levels of the target atoms. (this corresponds to removing an electron from an inner orbit on the Bohr model). If an outer electron then falls into one of these vacancies, an X-ray photon is emitted. The wavelength of the X-ray is given by E = hc/?, where E is the difference in energy of the levels involved, c is the speed of the light and h is Plancks constant. Since the energy levels are characteristic of the target atoms so too are the wavelengths of the X-rays produced in this way.For example, when calculating the wavelength of the most energetic X-rays produced by a tube operating at 1.0 * 10^? V (h = 6.6 * 10^-34 Js, e =1.6 * 10^-19 C, c =3.0 * 10^8 ms-1.)The most energetic X-ray are those produced by electrons which lose all their kinetic energy on impact.KE on impact = wo rk done by accelerating PD= 1.6 * 10^-19 * 1.0 * 10^5Maximum KE lost = 1.6 * 10^-14 joulesThe energy of the corresponding X-ray quantum is hc/?min and thereforehc/?min = 1.6 * 10^-14i.e. ?min = (6.6 * 10^-34 * 3.0*10^8)/1.6 * 10^-14= 1.24 * 10^-11 mJust clarify:(max. photon energy) Emax = eV and ?min = hc/eV(where V is the Potential difference)Band theoryIn an isolated atom, the energy of an electron depends mainly on its distance from the nucleus. An electron has a negative charge and a nucleus has a positive charge, and as an electron falls towards a nucleus it loses energy. The energy of one electron in an atom is also affected by the presence of all the other electrons within that atom, since they all have negative charge and so repel one another.If atoms are very close together, as in a solid, then the energy of each electron is affected by the nuclei and electrons of many nearby atoms. This has the effect of smearing out the energy levels into broad bands. The electrons are no t longer restricted to certain well-defined energies; instead, there are broad ranges of allowed energy, and higher energy band is shared between atoms. If an electron has enough energy to be in this band, then it can break free of its parent atom and move through the solid, i,e it can take part in conduction, so this upper band is called the conduction band. If, however, an electron is still bound to its parent atom then it cannot be moved around freely and it is said to be in the valence band. Between the two bands is a range of energies known as the forbidden gap. As shown in the diagram below.The size of the forbidden gap determines whether a given material is a conductor or an insulator. In metals, the conduction and valence bands overlap, so the conduction band always contains electrons, and so metals are good conductors. In insulators, the conduction and valence bands are separated by a large forbidden gap, and the conduction band is virtually empty. To promote an electron fr om the valence band would require a large amount of energy. In a semiconductor there is still a gap, but the range of the forbidden gap is much smaller. If the energy supplied by heating or by allowing the material to absorb photons, then some electrons gain enough energy to cross the gap and enter the conduction band. The more energy supplied the more electrons are promoted, the resistance of many semiconductors fall with increasing temperature.The X-rays emitted from an X-ray tube have a range of energies, which is called the X-ray spectrum. These X-rays are produced by two different mechanisms, which are distinctive in the resulting spectrum.Continuous spectrum (approx 80% of the output)The electrons pass close to the positive nuclei of the target atoms and are slowed down. he kinetic energy that they lose is converted into photons of electromagnetic radiation which have a continuous range of energies up to a maximum value equal to the tube voltage applied.Continuous spectrum A continuous range of photon energies (up to a maximum) is produced as electrons are decelerated in the target.Characteristic spectrumSome of the electrons penetrate deep into the target atoms, ejecting orbital electrons from the innermost shells near the nuclei. Orbiting electrons from outer orbits fill gaps in the inner shells and emit photons that are characteristic of the target atom. As long as the target has a high enough atomic number, the resulting photon will be the X-ray range.Tungsten is used as the target material for nearly all X-rays tubes because it has a high atomic number and so yields high X-ray outputs and a high melting point to withstand the large amount of heat produced. The characteristic K line spectrum produced bt Rungsten is about 709 keV, which is a tube voltage used for many exposures.Line SpectrumA limited of precise characteristic photon energies is generated through electron transitions to the K and L shells.Focal Spot sizeIdeally the X-rays produced wo uld originate from a point source, which would result in a clear shadow being formed with sharp edges (like a light image formed in a pin hole camera). This is not practical because of the great amount of heat being produced by the X-ray tube. If all the electrons were directed at one tiny point, the target would melt. The target is therefore designed to increase the actual target focal spot while keeping the projected focal spot as small as possible, thus keeping the amount of geometric blur to a minimum. This is achieved by using a disc shaped anode with the target area shapely angled and spinning throughout the exposure.Positioning the film as close as possible to the patient also reduces geometric blur.So how do we select exposure?To see why different exposures are selected for different areas, the methods by which an X-ray beam is attenuated must be studied.Simple scatterThe incident photon energy does not have sufficient energy to remove an electron from its atom so it is simp ly deflected from its course without loss of energy. This scatter is proportional to the square of the atomic number.Photoelectric EffectThe incident photon gives up all of its energy to an inner orbital electron, ejecting the electron from its atom. Some of the energy of the electron is used in overcoming the binding energy of the electron. The vacancy in the shell will be filled by electrons in orbital further from the nucleus, producing characteristic radiation, which in the case of the X-ray photons interacting with the body tissue are small and in the infer-red part of the EM spectrum. Photoelectric attenuation is most useful to diagnostic imaging because the photoelectric absorption is proportional to the cube of the atomic number.Compton scatterThe energy of the photon is much greater than the binding energy of the electron. Only part of its energy is given during the interaction with the outer electron. The photon continues in a different direction with reduced energy and th e electron dissipates its energy through ionization. It is independent of the atomic number.Simple is a problem as it reduces image sharpness and increases low-energy absorption in the patients skin. Photoelectric absorption is useful because, as it is proportional to the cube of the atomic number of the absorbing material, it produces contrast on the image. Material of high atomic number absorb more X-rays by this method and those of low atomic number absorb less. As the tube voltage is increased photoelectric attenuation tends to fall and Compton scatter to rise in importance, and as Compton scatter is not proportional to the atomic number of the absorbing material, the contrast is reduced.How do we reduce scatter?- Reduce the beam size by using an adjustable diaphragm, this reduces the field size and thus reduces the random scatter produced.- Use filtration on the X-ray beam to reduce the lower energy photons that result in simple scatter, allowing photoelectric attenuation to do minate.- Use of compression to make the part X-rayed thinner.So what is the radiographer doing?When taking a simple X-ray, the radiographer must:- Choose the tube voltage- this is usually in the range 60-120kVMore kV increases maximum photon energyIncreases average photon energyIncreases total intensityEffect of changing tube voltage on resulting X-ray spectrum.* Choose the tube current this depends on the number of electrons crossing the tube per second. This is controlled by the filament current, which determines the rate at which electrons are emitted from the cathode.Increasing tube current increases the overall intensity but does not increase the maximum photon energy or change the shape of the spectrum.Increases the blackening of the filmIncreases the absorbed dose by the patient.Increases the heating of the target.Effect of the tube current on X-ray spectrum* Choose the expose timeIncreasing the exposure timeIncreases the blackening of the filmIncreases the patient absorbed doseIncreases the chances of movement blur* Choose the focal spot sizeIncreasing the focal spot size increases the tube current and the voltage that can be applied but reduces geometric unsharpness.How do we stop scatter from getting to the film?We use a grid formed by rows of lead strips stops the scattered radiation from reaching the film. To get rid of the grid lines on the image, the grid may be moved during the exposure.We can also use an air gap to reduce the scatter reaching the film.And what about the film?If we were just to use film just to record the X-ray that were transmitted through the patient we would have to use very large exposures because up to 97% of X-rays pass straight through the film without affecting it at all. We therefore use special cassettes that contain fluorescent screens. These fluorescent screens absorb the X-radiation and re-emit visible radiation in a pattern that is the same as that of the original X-ray beam.Construction of the Rotating Anode Tube InsertFluoroscopy:In X-ray fluoroscopy, X-rays are passed through the patient and onto a fluorescent screen to produce an immediate visible image. This has the advantage over photographic film in that it allows dynamic processes. Sadly, unacceptably high X-ray intensities would be needed to produce image that could be viewed directly. A device known as an image intensifier can increase the brightness by a factor of over a thousand and allows the radiation dose to be cut by up to 90% of the unintensified level. The intensifier has a fluorescent screen in contact with a photocathode. This combination converts the X-rays first to visible photons and then to electrons. The number of electrons at any point on the photocathode is directly proportional to the X-ray intensity transmitted by the patient.The electrons produced by the cathode are then accelerated through a potential difference of about 20 kV, using a series of focusing anodes, towards a second fluorescent screen. The increase d energy and concentration of the electrons creates an image that is very brighter than that on the first screen, and which is usually picked up by a TV camera and fed to a TV monitor or video recorder.Fluoroscopy is a technique that is used sparingly, for despite image intensification, the radiation dose to the patient is still significantly higher than that I a standard radiographic examination. Dose savings can be made by using short bursts of X-rays rather than a truly continuous exposure, but even so the examinations remain relatively dose-intensive.Bibliography:For my report the sources which I used were; the textbook Physics A-level by Roger Muncaster, also the textbook Salters Horners Advanced Physics, a leaflet given to me by the Ashford hospital and finally my own knowledge.Conclusion:You can obviously tell that the visit to the hospital was very informative and helpful. Funnily enough at the time I was writing this report I had broken my wrist and was treated at the Ealin g hospital. On my last visit, to take the full plaster cast off I asked the radiographer if she could give me copy of my wrist, but unfortunately she said that it had to go in report. Instead she let me get my hands on some unwanted X-rays, which was the next best thing, so included them in my report.

Court News Essays - The Flight Of Pony Baker,

Court News The following is a transcript of the recent hearing of the Curtis brothers. RANDY L: Randy were you there the night of Bobs death? R: Yes your honor. L: What happened that night and how did it happen? R: Well it all started when we all saw the two Greasers (Pony and Johnny) in the park. We were completely drunk and had no idea what we were doing so I guess we all just wanted to beat the two of them up, no really big reason it is just that the we hate the Greasers and the Greasers hate us. So we got out of the car and started to gang beat pony, when I think of it now it is kind of harsh, we mostly just tried to drown him but we ended up not harming either one of them that much it was Bob that was going to pay the consequence. I turned around and there was my best friend Bob laying there, choking over blood and dieing right before my eyes. I had no idea what to do so I ran. L: Thank you Randy you my go sit back down now I would like to call Sherri Vallance to the stand please. Cherry Vallance L: So how much of the murder do you know about? S:Well awile ago I had gone to the Drive In Movies. Bob and Randy had been drinking lots that night so we decided to leave them there alone. We met Pony boy and Johnny, we had stayed with them most of the night. Bob and Randy saw Marsha and I with them and I guess they got a little jelous, and they looked very mad at pony and Johnny. I don't really know what happened when they murdered Bob but I know that Im still aching from it. L: Thank you Cherry L: We call Darry curtis to the stand please. L: Darry were you very good friends with Dally? D: Yes I was your honor we were the best of friends. L: What did you do when you found out that Pony was missing and was wanted for murder? D: I cried all day long every day and I searched the city for him every day also. L: Thank you , you may have a seat now. L: I call Soda Pop Curtis to the stand please. L: Soda Pop what happened before Pony Boy ran off out of your house and went missing? SP: Well Pony came home late the night he left and we were up all night worried sick about him. Well when he did come home I guess Darry was a bit mad so I guess we all got into a little yelling fight and darry got very mad and ended up hitting Pony, and that was when Pony left and didn't come back till a week ago. L: Thank you Soda Pop you may have a seat now too. L: Now last of all I would like to call Pony Boy Curtis to the stand please. J: Pony boy tell, me do you like living in the house that you are living in right now with you r brothers? PB: Yes I do I love living with them it is great I have alot of fun. J: And do you like the school that you are going to is it a healthy environment to be in? PB:Yes I have lots of friends and I really enjoy going there. J:What kind of grades do you get in school? PB: I have almost all As and the rest are Bs Im a good reader and I really like to do school work all the time. J: Thank you Pony Boy that is all this case is closed with no further adieus.